Visual Rhetoric Essay Samples Owl Options

Visual Rhetoric Essay Samples Owl Options Rumors, Deception and Visual Rhetoric Essay Samples Owl Having said this, there's no argument over the simple fact that there are particular events in which utilization of a robot can actually prove to be a whole lot more efficient when compared to a human being. Keep in mind this sort of analysis can take many forms, and of course needs to be taylored according to certain scenarios and uses. For instance, a graph about the potency of a drug needs to be scrutinized with care if it comes from the stock exchange report of a pharmaceutical business. The exact same image may mean unique things to people from various cultures or societies. New Ideas Into Visual Rhetoric Essay Samples Owl Never Before Revealed Anyway, you may also give brief background information concerning the history or evolution of the piece. Use visual additions as a way to capture their attention, which will be an immense step to enhance your general grade. On the f lip side, you could also have to analyze the historical context of the image. The issue is when a single element of a remedy is singled out for discussion beyond the context of rest of the plan. Until you see the ankle bracelet. Sufficient contrast in colors makes it simple for the reader to experience the document. Take a look at what you're wearing at the moment, for example. As you proceed through the text, endeavor to recognize the thesis statement and the principle arguments that the writer is attempting to convey. You've got to reveal the end result of the author's speech and its impact. Aristotle defined ethos as the feeling of credibility or trustworthiness an author establishes in her or his writing. A good example of fantastic work completed by our writers Visual rhetoric analysis denotes the scenario, where the individual attempts to persuade the audience by employing numerous images to influence its perspective. Life After Visual Rhetoric Essay Samples Owl While structuring the essay, it's important that a proper thesis is chosen. Moreover, their visual attract Ethos seems to be relatively the same. Employing Visual Rhetoric can help to earn a text or presentation more efficient. Defining the purpose for a visual design will guarantee that the proper message is articulated and ends in an effective reaction. The Foolproof Visual Rhetoric Essay Samples Owl Strategy Below is 1 way that's a good, simple format to assist you in getting started. You may want to earn a list of the sorts of images you desire. Be certain to indicate any images you presently have. Determine the significance of the objects and pictures. Revision is among the most crucial sections of writing an academic essay. Writing a rhetorical analysis outline template may look like an intimidating task. Such an essay demands the individual to develop a crucial analysis of some other bit of writing painting poem or anything that may be put into words. To truly rock the paper a writer that could conquer all 3 methods in 1 paper has made a triple threat. Before you begin to gather images, you may want to create a rough outline of how you need your essay to come together. The catalog isn't a contract, but instead a Jumpstart Your Paper. Keep in mind, the most crucial thing you've got to keep to in your essay is hoping to make your readers interested. There's no such thing as an objective perspective. There are things to remember in regards to presenting it. You're able to decide on how you would like to publish the piece. A part of rhetorical analysis might look a true problem to students. Rhetorical analysis example does not need a great deal of external research, but you may want to include sources that explain various procedures of persuasion to demonstrate the way the aut hor of the works you're analyzing convinces their audience. A rhetorical analysis essay may be an extremely hard job for students to grasp. By abiding By the above-mentioned steps, you'll find writing a visual analysis essay a much easier task to do. True, such an analysis is quite straightforward, but students often will need to begin with the surface-level analysis to obtain the basic ideas out there. Students are often fearful of rhetorical analysis essays because they don't know how to write them. After exploring the components of the visual, they should be able to complete the deepest level of analysis. Begin by asking students to check at the composition as a whole and request certain responses to the visual rhetoric.

Essay on Marketing Research Primary vs. Secondary Research

Marketing Research: Primary vs. Secondary Research â€Å"Primary data are gathered specifically for the research project at hand. Secondary data is data that have been previously gathered for some other purpose.† (Burns Bush, 2006). This paper will explore the differences in primary and secondary research when using qualitative and quantitative approaches. The paper will further discuss the tools that are used for each approach. Quantitative Qualitative Approaches â€Å"Quantitative research is defined as research involving the use of structured questions in which the response options have been predetermined and a large number of respondents are involved.† (Burns Bush, 2006). Quantitative research is associated with the more traditional†¦show more content†¦The data analyzed typically looks at the entire picture as opposed to separate areas Secondary research which is based on prior researched information can be utilized in qualitative research. The data collected and analyzed can be translated into the information that is needed for the project. â€Å"Any study that is conducted using an observational technique or unstructured questioning can be classified as qualitative research.† (Burns Bush, 2006). However, there are some advantages and disadvantages to qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research is implemented in some cases as an exploratory form of data collect ion at the beginning of a research project. â€Å"Qualitative data can give the researcher a better idea of what to look more closely at for later trails.† (Varoskovic, 1999 – 2010). Qualitative research also allows for a more in-depth or detailed results from the respondents. The disadvantage of qualitative research is that the data is the opinion of the researcher. On the other hand, the advantages of quantitative research are that the data is focused on the numeric qualities that can be recorded. However, the disadvantage of quantitative research is that it is difficult at times to provide meaning to what is being examined. Overall, both quantitative and qualitative research can be combined to enhance primary and secondary research. Qualitative Quantitative Tools â€Å"The term â€Å"research tool†Show MoreRelatedMarketing Research Paper1346 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Research Paper The American food networking Industry has seen tremendous growth since the fist cook book was published in the late eighteen century. The number of households that have subscribed to the Food networking has increased many folds as has the viewership. Never before has this stylish food industry seen such growth. This paper tries to investigate the case of Kudler’s Marketing Plans as it looks into the ways by which the Company can improve on its Research and CompetitiveRead MorePrimary vs. Secondary Research Essay1108 Words   |  5 PagesPrimary vs. Secondary Research When conducting research, when is it conducive to use primary research over secondary research and vice versa? Both research techniques are viable and beneficial. They each have purpose and can be used as a marketing research template when conducting research. Both techniques are equipped with tools that can be used to guide a researcher through the research process. If these tools are properly adhered to, the research process can be seamless and quite effective.Read MoreEssay about Marketing Research Tools1167 Words   |  5 PagesMarket Research Tools An organizational problem must be identified prior to beginning the market research process. In most cases, a problem is a research opportunity for product improvement or the launch of a new product. The first critical step of the marketing process involves how the research problem is defined by specifying the research objectives; identifying the consumer population of interest, and placing the problem in an environmental context. The very next step is to determine the researchRead MorePresentation Chapters 3 51422 Words   |  6 PagesNicole Fiamingo’s Presentation MKT 730 – Marketing Research February 17, Dell Printer: â€Å"The New Kid On The Block† http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42mNRePWIME Chapter 3 Research Design Marketing Research Proposal 1. 2. 3. 4. Executive Summary Background Problem Definition Approach to the problem 5. Research Design 6. Fieldwork/ Data Collection 7. Data Analysis 8. Reporting 9. Cost and Time 10.Appendices What the Research Design Includes 1. Define the information needed 2. Design the exploratoryRead MoreMarketing Research Proposal - Blackberry Iphone Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesRD cost to implement BlackBerry Maps is $14 per device in 2009 compared to $11 per device in 2008 ââ€" ª Estimate RD cost to implement BlackBerry Pushcast feature is $16 per device for 2010 RIM Confidential — ROUND 2 — THE RESEARCH PROBLEM RIM Confidential MARKETING PROBLEM LAGGING MARKET KNOWLEDGE ââ€" ª Evolution of smartphone customer segmentation (i.e. business users  » personal users) LAGGING RD EFFORTS ââ€" ª Rapidly shifting consumer preferences and higher expectations (i.e. mass customization)Read MoreSegmentation, Demographic, Psychographic And Behavioral1255 Words   |  6 Pagesidentify consumers who are similar with regard to key traits, such as product-related needs and wants, and who would respond well to a similar marketing mix (Lascu Clow, 2010). 2. Discuss a company (not your marketing plan company) that you believe understands the concept of segmentation and the identification of a target market to focus their marketing efforts. What are some of the key indicators that they understand target market analysis? I think Apple, Inc. understands the process of identifyingRead MoreMarketing Information System1318 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is a marketing information system (MIS)? †¢ Marketing information system (MIS) is a set of procedures and methods for the regular, planned collection, analysis and presentation of information for use in marketing decisions’ †¢ Consists of people, equipment, and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate and distribute needed, timely, and accurate information to marketing decision makers. †¢ Function: Assess, Develop and Distribute Information. Marketing Information System Read MoreSales Promotion1365 Words   |  6 Pagesinterrelationship between consumer behavior and marketing concept. (what is marketing and societal marketing concept, embracing the marketing concept and segmentation, targeting and positioning) 2. Describe the interrelationship between marketing research, market segmentation and targeting and the development of the marketing mix for a manufacture of mobile phone. (embracing the marketing concept, utilizing the concepts of segmentation-targeting-positioning and marketing mix.) 3. Explain the interrelationRead MoreWhy Are Superior Brand Products More Appealing For Consumers?1544 Words   |  7 PagesI personally know, and I communicate with on Social Media website, that purchase brand-named products frequently. The survey tool that I will employ is eight short questions on SurveyMonkey for the collection of data in regards to the Psychological vs. Social status reason why individuals buy brands and their emotional attachment to those brands. Sampling will involve selection of a random zone where the sales are not too high or too low and then consumers can be asked to answer a hypothesis questionRead MoreInternational Promotion and Market Research of Nivea Essay744 Words   |  3 PagesNivea International Promotion International Market Research Nivea: International Promotion Promotional marketing mix issues revolve around advertising. Direct mail, e-mail, media publicity, public relations, sales promotion and the internet are a few ways Nivea promote its products within international markets (Hollensen, 2007). Trying to standardise one or two issues in each international market may be achievable. Trying to standardise every issue listed above in

Fight Club DID free essay sample

In the 1999 movie Fight Club, the main character is experiencing symptoms that can be associated with Multiple Personality Disorder or Dissociative Personality Disorder. The narrator plays a man who finds the world around him and his own desires for happiness utterly in conflict. The movie places strong emphasis on the evils of modern consumerism, and adopts a â€Å"fight the system† attitude throughout. The setting is bleak and degraded – the main character, who remains unnamed for the entirety of the film, inhabits a city that seems perpetually dark and run down. The movie attempts to make a statement on the effects of society norms and â€Å"the system† on an individual’s pursuit of happiness; at its center, it uses dissociative identity disorder to do so. The narrator eventually meets Tyler Durden, a kind of personification of his own id. At the end of the movie, the twist is that narrators character and Durden are actually different personalities within the same person, in what is supposed to be a form of DID. We will write a custom essay sample on Fight Club DID or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The narrator portrays many signs of this psychological disorder. Some are amnesia, hallucinations, having different personalities, and depersonalization. The criteria for DID require 1) the existence of multiple identity or personality states, each of which exhibits independent opinions, 2) that two or more of the subjects personalities are at some point in control, 3) amnesia of important personal information, and 4) that symptoms are not caused by substances or medical conditions. Following these conditions, the movies presentation of the disorder does seem to fit. â€Å"This is your life and its ending one minute at a time†. The first line of the movie not only sets the dark mood for the entire film, it also breaks the fourth wall and establishes a relationship with the audience directly. The narrator is a white-collared employee of a nameless firm, plagued by insomnia and the feeling of being trapped. He medicates himself through consumerism; through the steady acquisition of â€Å"things†, he attempts to cure his anxiety and depression. However, these things do not help, and his condition worsens until he meets Tyler Durden. The first sign for the narrator that something is off occurs when he would wake in a different place than he went to sleep the night before. The occurrences are too much of a major change that there was no way that in a normal mind, the narrator would have forgotten. Along with waking up where he didnt go to sleep the night before, there are lapses in time that he cannot remember. The personality of Tyler Durden takes over his actions when he is asleep, and he also appears to him as a realistic hallucination while he is awake. As stated in the DID criteria, Edward Nortons character has no memory of actually being Durden, suffering complete amnesia of all the actions Durden performs. Although it is not explicitly stated, the viewer can reasonably assume that Tylers personality is not manifested by drug use or any actual medical condition; Nortons character does visit a doctor, who only tells him he needs sleep. A way that the narrator was able to control his insomnia was by going to help groups. When his comfort of the help groups was taken away, his insomnia returned and caused a lot of stress which could, if such a link exists, have triggered the narrators Dissociative Personality Disorder. Dissociative Personality Disorder has been distantly linked to overwhelming stress. When the narrators alter ego first arrives, it is shortly after Marla steps into the scene. For both the movie watcher and the main character, another sign to show that there is a problem with the main character occurs when he is talking to Marla, giving her his usual cold treatment, and she cannot understand why. He asks her questions that are common sense questions to her, because it happens so often, but he doesnt remember ever doing it. One important parallel between Fight Club‘s DID and the real disorder is the idea that the alternate identities are present as a coping mechanism for the individual. A stronger, more confidant personality will oftentimes take over for the benefit of the individual. â€Å"I’ll bring us through this. As always. I’ll carry you – kicking and screaming – and in the end you’ll thank me,† Tyler told the narrator. In the film, since the greatest psychological abuse is the domination of consumerism, Tyler Durden must represent the narrator’s inward urge to break free from the system. While the narrator was not aware of this until the climax of the movie, Durden knew his role the whole time: â€Å"All the ways you wish you could be, that’s me. I look like you wanna look, I fuck like you wanna fuck, I am smart, capable, and most importantly, I am free in all the ways that you are not. † Toward the end of the movie it clearly shows that there are major problems with the narrator. A way to tell that he has Dissociative Personality Disorder is that his character compares to Tylers, his alter ego, are very far-fetching. Where the narrator is quiet and timid, Tyler is quick-witted and sure of himself. The fact that the narrator is even seeing Tyler is a sign of the disorder because Tyler doesnt exist and is in fact a hallucination. The real solid evidence to show that the narrator has a psychological disorder happens at the end where he is being detained by Tyler. Tyler did spell it out to him at that point in time, but this is where the depersonalization comes into play. Depersonalization can be defined in the terms of watching something happen from third-person view because they have no control over the situation. The narrator is tied up and held at gun-point by Tyler at the end of the movie when in actuality, the narrator is holding himself captive, but has no control over it. Although Fight Club utilizes DID as an important aspect in its plot development, in some regards it is inaccurate in the development of the psychological disorder. Most importantly, the narrator did not (to the extent of the viewer) undergo any form of childhood trauma. Rather, his anxiety and feelings of entrapment – spurred by the structure of modern society – caused himself to dissociate. In this sense, the movie makes a statement about the intensity of the psychological damage that is caused by such a materialistic culture. Toward the end of the movie it clearly shows that there are major problems with the narrator. A way to tell that he has Dissociative Personality Disorder is that his character compares to Tylers, his alter ego, are very far-fetching. Where the narrator is quiet and timid, Tyler is quick-witted and sure of himself. The fact that the narrator is even seeing Tyler is a sign of the disorder because Tyler doesnt exist and is in fact a hallucination. The real solid evidence to show that the narrator has a psychological disorder happens at the end where he is being detained by Tyler. Sure, Tyler may spell it out to him at that point in time, but this is where the depersonalization comes into play. Depersonalization can be defined in the terms of watching something happen from third-person view because they have no control over the situation. The narrator is tied up and held at gun-point by Tyler at the end of the movie when in actuality, the narrator is holding himself captive, but has no control over it. For these reasons, it is clear that the narrator in Fight Club did indeed have Dissociative Personality Disorder. He suffered from memory and time loss and well at seeing hallucinations, having two personalities, and holding himself captive.

The Idea of Orientalism Portrayed in James Camerons Avatar Essay Example

The Idea of Orientalism Portrayed in James Camerons Avatar Essay The Idea of Orientalism Portrayed in James Cameron’s Avatar Abstract In brief, this study discusses about the representation of orientalism idea which is portrayed in the film Avatar. The film tells about the conflict between human and native people in Planet Pandora, where human exploits the land and oppresses the native. This study explores in what way the idea of orientalism is represented and how both narrative and non-narrative aspects of the film helped in delivering that representation. Indeed, to explore the focus of analysis, the study will be completed by applying orientalism criticism proposed by Edward Said. Thereby, this research will be a qualitative research where the data is taken from the film Avatar, library research, journals, and other resources which appropriate in conducting the analysis. This study discovers that Avatar shows the idea of orientalism in three different pursuits: an academic discipline, a style of thought and a corporate institution for dealing with the Orient. Thus, hopefully this will be completed as expected and may give contribution in literary research focusing on film analysis. Key words: Orientalism, Oppression, Narrative, Non-Narrative, Orient. Introduction The European colonialism towards almost the whole Eastern regions has caused the cultural dominance of Western. The European tends to see that they are more civilized and advanced than the colonized people. Tyson states that the colonizers saw themselves at the center of the world; the colonized were at the margins. Furthermore, he also states that the colonizers also saw themselves as the embodiment of what a human being should be, the proper â€Å"self†; native peoples were considered â€Å"other,† and different (419). We will write a custom essay sample on The Idea of Orientalism Portrayed in James Camerons Avatar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Idea of Orientalism Portrayed in James Camerons Avatar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Idea of Orientalism Portrayed in James Camerons Avatar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The colonial discourse of â€Å"self† and â€Å"other† thus leads to the practice of othering, which is the practice of judging the different as less than fully human (Tyson 420). This practice of othering can be seen not only in the written text such as literature but also in the narrative of the performed human culture. The â€Å"other† that is created through narratives is imaginary, stereotypical, and biased. But the details of the narratives lend crucial insight into the identity formation of the â€Å"self† as differentiated from the exaggerated â€Å"other† (Roberts 4). There is another specific form of othering called Orientalism. The term of Orientalism appears in the book with the same title Orientalism written by Edward Said, a preeminent scholar and an important figure in postcolonial studies who is also known as an activist n Middle Eastern politics. Orientalism purpose is to produce a positive national self-definition for Western nations by contrast with Eastern nations on which the West projects all the negative characteristics it doesn’t want to believe exist among its own people (Tyson 420). Said’s Orientalism is a study of ‘the West’s’ representation of ‘the East’ and, in particular, how they underpinned imperialist political ambitions and administrations (Baldwin et al. 169). As an academic discipline, Orientalism emerged in the late eighteenth century and has since assembled an archive of knowledge that has served to perpetuate and reinforce Western representations of ‘the East’ which is also known to be ‘the Orient’ (Ashcroft 57). The idea of Orientalism in recent days can be found in current Western depictions of Arab culture and the discussion of politics in Middle East which is closely associated with terrorism. However, the idea of Orientalism does not merely exist only in either the current affair of Western and Middle East or the literature works which represent the distinctive identity between ‘the West’ and ‘the East’, but also in the recent movie production. In 2009 there is one movie production titled Avatar which has a strong depiction of Orientalism. Avatar is directed by James Cameron. This is an adventure sci-fi movie which is delivered in a 3D format. This movie got 56 nominations and won 3 Oscars and 25 other awards. The film reached the second highest blockbuster movie gross in its first month release date and also became the first movie that delivers truly photo-real CG technology. Besides all the awards and the technology this movie has presented, the clear depiction of Orientalism idea in this movie becomes the main reason Avatar is chosen to be the subject of this study. The plot of this movie tells about the exploitation done by human towards Planet Pandora, the place in which the valuable mineral can be obtained. In that place, human has to face and overcome the struggle of the native called Na’vi who opposes the land exploitation. Human scientists invent the avatar program which enables human to drive their avatar body, a genetically-bred human-Na’vi hybrid, and therefore human can freely observes and persuades the native to surrender their land. Here, the idea of Orientalism clearly depicted in the way human represents the native as primitive and uncivilized and how human tries to educate and build the native in the way human believes to be the best way. There are several critics towards Avatar which states that this movie contains racist themes in which the white hero once again saving the primitive natives. The editor in chief sci-fi magazines Jesse Washington writes that Avatar reminds her of Pocahontas story which also tells about how the main white characters realize that they are complicit in a system which is destroying aliens or people of color, and then go beyond assimilation and become leaders of the people they once oppressed. Furthermore, she criticizes the way Avatar is picturing the native incapability to save their selves (The Huffington Post, 2009). This review also supports the idea of orientalism since being white man wan an idea and reality which involved a reasoned position towards both the white and non-white world. Said further suggests that being a White Man, in short, was a very concrete manner of being in the world, a way of taking hold of reality, language, and thought (226). However, Avatar is the new film production which contains the idea of orientalism. This film represents the story in a more advanced technology. Also, during the process of this research, there is no publication of other researches which is using this film and the idea of orientalism as their main subject. Thus, Avatar is worth to be analyzed in this study. From the previous explanation about the issue which will be analyzed, this study will mainly focuses in analyzing how the idea of orientalism represented in the movie through the depiction of the human and the native relation and also how the narrative and non-narrative aspects of the film build that idea. Orientalism by Edward Said is believed to be the most appropriate theory approach of the study. The theory of narrative and non-narrative of film also will be used in this study since the subject of this study is a film, thus the analysis cannot just rely on the story or narrative of the film, but also the non-narrative aspect which plays the same important role in shaping the film. The Idea of Orientalism Represented in Avatar The analysis will be focuses on the representation of the idea of orientalism portrayed in the film Avatar. The film tells about the conflict between human and the native of Planet Pandora called Na’vi which is caused by the oppression and land exploitation done by human. A valuable mineral called unobtanium which only exists in Pandora is the main motive why human try to conquer the place. Pandora, which has the different geographical condition from earth, becomes the object of learning and discovery by human. Thus, Pandora represents the Orient and human represents the Occident. A. Orientalism in the Narrative of Film One way of approaching films is to see them as stories. It involves analyzing the various ways in which some common recurring features of storytelling and plot structures are developed. The term narrative is really quite simply used as another term for story. But it can also be seen as a more technical term relating to attempts to theorize the principles by which stories are structured (Benyahia et al. 50). Narrative cinema’s function is storytelling not description. Furthermore, narrative refers to the strategies, codes and conventions employed to organize the story (Hayward 256). The story of Avatar is brought by one narrator who is also become the main character, Jake Sully. Through his narration, the story of the film is delivered in his perspective and emotional attachment. From the paralyzed marine, he becomes the hero of Na’vi people. The narrative of the film clearly shows the superiority of human. Jake Sully comes as the chosen hero character which in the end of the story saves Na’vi people from human ambition to conquer the Orient. The appearance of Jake Sully as the narrator of the story also initiates that this character has the power to represents the Orient and the Oriental. Thus, human still represented as the superior one since the Na’vi people cannot save themselves. They are saved and helped by the coming of Jake Sully. Even the spirit of Eywa, the native’s goddess, gives the message that places Jake Sully as the important character in the first place. The idea of Orientalism is portrayed in the way human defining the Orient as a dangerous place and its people as irrational and uncivilized. Baldwin et al. suggests that Orientalism is not simply a process of description, but a relation of power and domination whereby one group gets to define identities for all by defining the ‘Orient’ and ‘Orientals’ in certain ways (172). Part of the pervasive power of Orientalism is that it refers to at least three different pursuits, all of which are interdependent: an academic discipline, a style of thought and a corporate institution for dealing with the Orient (Ashcroft and Ahluwalia 57). Those three different pursuits of Orientalism appear in Avatar and will be explored specifically. 1. A style of thought Said argues that Orientalism is a style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between the Orient and the Occident (3). Mostly covered by forest, Pandora is seen as the dangerous and mystical place. The place is dominated by giant plants and wild animals. With all its exotic and challenging condition, human tends to see Pandora as the place which is waiting to be conquered. This representation is clearly stated in the beginning of the movie when Colonel gives a speech to the newcomer marines. Conversation 1 (scene 0:06:15) Colonel: You’re not in Kansas anymore. You are on Pandora, ladies and gentlemen. .. Behind that fence, every living thing that crawls, flies or squat in the mud wants to kill you f you wish to survive, you must obey the rule†¦ As for the native people, human places them in the inferior side. Na’vi is determined to be irrational and uncivilized. Na’vi lives in group and they settle in one big tree deep in the forest. They find their food by hunting. They believe in the spirit named Eywa and the flow of energy that lives through all the living things in the planet. Besides their custom, their biological appearance is also different from human. They are two times higher from human and they have blue skin, a tail and a long braid hair which is functioned as their bond device. From all those differences, both appearance and custom, human places themselves in the contrary position of Na’vi. Thus, human are rational and civilized. 2. An Academic Discipline Said suggests that Orientalism is the discipline by which the Orient was – and is approached systematically, as a topic of learning, discovery and practice (73). In the film Avatar, both Pandora and Na’vi people becomes the object of the study of human. The Avatar program itself is the scientist project in combining the DNA of Na’vi and the DNA of human which will become the driver of the avatar body. As described in the film, Pandora has become the specific field of study. Some books have been written by the scientist and those books have been the sorts of knowledge in order to get a description of Pandora, especially for human who never set foot on that place. Conversation 2 (0:10:20) Norm: Grace Augustine is a legend. She’s the head of Avatar Program. She wrote the book. I mean literary wrote the book on Pandoran botany. Conversation 3 (1:11:54) Grace: There is something really interesting going on there biologically. I would die to get samples. Both conversations above clearly show that Pandora has become the topic of learning for human. The knowledge of Pandora is built through the human’s understanding. Thus, the scientists speak for Pandora and Na’vi people. None of the Orient and Oriental can speak for themselves. 3. A corporate institution for dealing with the Orient The third definition of Orientalism as a corporate institution is demonstrative of its amorphous capacity as a structure used to dominate and to authorize the Orient. Hence, Orientalism necessarily is viewed as being linked inextricably to colonialism (Ashcroft and Ahluwalia 57). In the film clearly describes that human try to give Na’vi people education, transportation and health-care through the company policy. Human wants to build Na’vi based on their agenda so that they can dominate and authorize the native. Conversation 4 (0:12:38) Parker: Look, look, you’re supposed to be winning the hearts and the mind of the natives. Isn’t that the whole point of your little puppet show? If you look like them, talk like them, they’ll start trusting us. We build them a school, we teach them English †¦ Na’vi people are taught to speak in English and they are also invited to attend the school which is built for them. Human needs to educate Na’vi people to think like human so that human can freely explores the richness of the land. Furthermore, the main reason the Avatar Program is created is to become the diplomatic solution between human and Na’vi people. Appears in the same biological body with the natives, human intends to persuade Na’vi people to give away their land. Thus, all the corporate institution that is built to Na’vi people in the film Avatar clarifies the intention of the Occident represented by human to dominate and authorize the native. The idea of Orientalism in the film then portrayed hrough the human dominance in the power of knowledge. Human tends to see Pandora as the subject of the study and the place to be conquered of. This idea can be seen in the three different pursuit of Orientalism: a style of thought, an academic discipline and a corporate institution for dealing with the Orient. B. The Supporting Non-Narrative of Film Non-narrative aspect of the film is functioned as the supporting elements in strengthen the idea and meaning proposed by the narrative aspect. Non-narrative contains of cinematography technique which is separated from narration such as setting, costume and make up, and character appearances. In analyzing this study, several non-narrative aspects mentioned above will be analyzed briefly 1. Setting The setting of the film only takes place in the Planet Pandora, the place where human exploits the land to obtain a valuable mineral. The distinction geographical condition between the Orient and the Occident does not appear in the film since Pandora is the only setting of the film. Pandora is located in six years travel time from earth. The planet is mostly covered by wild forest. There is hardly human building since the native lives inside the forest. The setting is dominated by green and giant plants. There are also flying mountains which significantly differs the geographical condition of Pandora and the Earth. The setting of the Orient represents the dangerous and untamed nature in which the Occident try to conquer. Wild and large forest, flying mountains and steep cliff are the dominant setting of the film. Those setting represent the dangerous and challenging nature. Although the setting in which the Occident is represented is the same as the Orient, but there is a clear distinction between the two places. While the Orient is represented in the wild and dangerous environment, the Occident is represented in an advanced technology environment. Human build the headquarters which filled with high technology equipments. There are no green or giant plants in the setting of the Occident. Thus, from the distinction of the setting the message of superiority is clearly shown. Human rules the native through the power of knowledge and technology. 2. Character Appearance The Occident characters are represented through several human characters portrayed in the film. First is Jake Sully, the main character and the hero. He happens to be unexpected person; invalid and not fulfill the requirement to drive the Avatar body, which surprisingly overcome the task by which he is given to. Second is the Colonel character, the man who sees the military force is the best solution on every problem. Third is Grace, a scientist which creates the Avatar program who sees Pandora as the place of learning and discovery. The Orient character is best described by Neytiri and Tsu-tey. Both of them have a great ability to fight and hunt. It is their belief and dependency towards the spirit that clearly shows their weakness. However strong they might be, they still cannot save their people by their own power. 3. Costume and Make Up The distinction between human and Na’vi is clearly shown since Na’vi has a different biological appearance. Na’vi appears in the blue skin and twice height of human. Bellantoni states that many films use an intense turquoise blue as an exotic presence that, because it’s combined with green, visually warms the conservative forces in a tiny village (131). Here clearly stated that the skin color of the Na’vi signifies the exotic presence which always associated with the Orient. The Na’vi barely wears any clothes and there is only some fabric and beads which covers their vital organ. The distinction then does not appear in the costume wear by human compares to Na’vi people, instead it appears on the Avatar body which is driven by human. Although they have the exact same biological body, Avatar body wears the proper clothes according to human custom. Thus, from the distinction of costume it can be clearly seen that Na’vi represents the uncivilized part while human, although becomes the driver of the Avatar body, represents the civilized one . Conclusion Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that Avatar contains the strong idea of Orientalism. Through the distinction power between the Orient which is represented by Planet Pandora and the Occident which is represented by human, the idea of Orientalism is delivered in three interdependent pursuits proposed by Said. First is Orientalism as a style of thought. Pandora is seen as the dangerous and mystical place. Since it has a different geographical condition with earth where human comes from, human tends to see the Orient as the other, the different and contrary identity from them. With all its exotic and challenging condition, human sees Pandora as the place which is waiting to be conquered. Second is Orientalism as an academic discipline. Pandora has been the object of the scientific study by human. Several books and science projects are created in order to give the broad examination of the Orient. Thus, human has the whole knowledge about the Orient. Human speaks for the Orient according to their understanding and none of the Orient able to represent themselves. Third is Orientalism as a corporate institution for dealing with the Orient. In the film clearly describes that human try to give Na’vi people education, transportation and health-care through the company policy. Human wants to build Na’vi based on their agenda so that they can dominate and authorize the native. The idea of Orientalism which is portrayed in Avatar is supported in both narrative and non-narrative aspect of film. Narrative is the story of the film which contains the plot structure which forms the sequence performed in the film. Avatar is narrated by the main character Jake Sully, which then initiates the emotional and perspective attachment towards the problem. The appearance of Jake Sully as the hero who saves Na’vi people from the destruction of human shows that human indeed still has the superiority towards the Orient and Oriental. Na’vi is described to be incapable to save themselves and thus it places them on the weak and inferior side. The film shows that Jake Sully is the chosen one, the character which will be the savior for Na’vi people. The non-narrative aspects of the film also becomes the important part in giving the supportive power in strengthen the idea which is presented in the narrative aspect. The non-narrative aspects analyzed in this study are setting, character appearance, costume and make-up. All four elements in non-narrative aspects give the supportive power in strengthen the idea of Orientalism and the clear distinction between the Orient and the Occident. To conclude, Avatar is one film which contains the issue of Orientalism. Although it is not rely on the specific Western and Eastern region as proposed by Said, but the role of the power of knowledge which defines human as the superior clearly shows the main idea of Orientalism. Moreover, this ilm has achieved three Oscars and has listed in 53 nominations throughout the world. Then it is undeniable that this film gives a great impression towards the film critics. Works Cited Ashcroft, Bill, and Pal Ahluwalia. Edward Said. London: Routledge, 2001. Avatar. Dir. James Cameron. Perf. Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, and Sigourney Weaver. Twentieth Century-Fox, 2009. Baldwin, et al. Introducing Cultural Studies. London: Pearson Education Limited, 1998. Bellantoni, Patti. If It’s Purple, Someone’s Gonna Die. Focal Press, 2005. Benyahia, Sarah, Freddie Gaffney, and John White. As Film Studies: The Essential Introduction. Routledge, 2006. Hayward, Susan. Cinema Studies: The Key Concept. London: Routledge, 2000. Loomba, Ania. Colonialism / Postcolonialism. London: Routledge, 1998. Purdue OWL. â€Å"MLA Formatting and Style Guide. † The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2009. Roberts, Kathleen G. Alterity and Narrative: Stories and Negotiation of Western Identities. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007. Said, Edward W. Orientalism. London: Penguin Books, 2003. Tyson, Louis. Critical Theory Today. New York: Garland Publishi ng Inc. , 1999. Washington, Jesse. ‘Avatar’ Critics See Racist Theme. The Huffington Post, 2009.

WHEN TO WRITE FOR FREE

WHEN TO WRITE FOR FREE Anyone who has known me for very long, recalls that Im all about writing for money. And Im vehemently opposed to writing mills. Writing Mills = Sites known as Content Aggregators. They pay pennies. You earn based on quantity of articles, not quality. They always advertise for new writers (mainly because of the turnover once writers learn the deal). Granted, they are enticing. You dont really answer to an editor. You rarely get rejected. But those clips mean nothing in your portfolio. Why? Because people in the industry recognize writing mill work for what it is. Words thrown together to grab searches in hopes the people searching happen to click on the advertisements. However, blogs have changed everything. You write free on your own blog. You write free when you guest blog. You write free on major website blogs. Yes, there are a few blogs that pay, but most dont. Blogs can be opportunity, even though they do not pay much if at all.Just remember the rules. Write for free if you are breaking in to a well-known blog. Carol Tice is a freelance copywriter making a good living at it. Look at what shes published, and note that many of them are blog posts. caroltice.com/articles When a market is competitive, offer a sharp blog post for free, to get your foot in the door. Maybe even two, three,even ten posts. Get them used to you, then ask for compensation,or maybe even a regular gig. Write for free if you are breaking in to a magazine. Today many magazines have a sister blog. Pitch the editor of the blog. Your resume will still say you wrote for Family Circle(or fill in the mag name). And once they learn to love your posts, you can pitch to the print. Write for free if you are selling something else. Blog tours/virtual tours for books can generate income via book sales. Just make sure the post is good and a stand alone even if you didnt have a book. Or else write about a subject thats in the book, but dont hard-sell the book. Just show youre an expert in what you do. See? There are times to write for free. Just be smart about it. PAYING BLOG SITES bloggerjobs.biz/ makealivingwriting.com/why-i-pay-writers/ therenegadewriter.com/2012/06/21/the-renegade-writer-blog-is-now-paying-for-guest-posts/ http://readlearnwrite.com/guest-post/ http://jobs.problogger.net/

Manuel Quezon of the Philippines

Manuel Quezon of the Philippines Manuel Quezon is generally considered the second president of the Philippines, even though he was the first to head the Commonwealth of the Philippines under American administration, serving from 1935 to 1944.  Emilio Aguinaldo, who had served in 1899-1901 during the Philippine-American War, is usually called the first president. Quezon was from an elite mestizo family from the east coast of Luzon. His privileged background did not insulate him from tragedy, hardship, and exile, however. Early Life Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina was born on August 19, 1878, in Baler, now in Aurora Province. (The province is actually named after Quezons wife.) His parents were Spanish colonial army officer Lucio Quezon and primary school teacher Maria Dolores Molina. Of mixed Filipino and Spanish ancestry, in the racially segregated Spanish Philippines, the Quezon family were considered blancos or whites, which afforded them more freedom and higher social status than purely Filipino or Chinese people enjoyed. When Manuel was nine years old, his parents sent him to school in Manila, about 240 kilometers (150 miles) away from Baler. He would remain there through university; he studied law at the University of Santo Tomas  but did not graduate. In 1898, when Manuel was 20, his father and brother were accosted and murdered along the road from Nueva Ecija to Baler. The motive may have been simply robbery, but it is likely that they were targeted for their support of the colonial Spanish government against the Filipino nationalists in the independence struggle. Entry into Politics In 1899, after the US defeated Spain in the Spanish-American War and seized the Philippines, Manuel Quezon joined Emilio Aguinaldos guerrilla army in its fight against the Americans. He was accused a short time later of murdering an American prisoner of war, and was imprisoned for six months, but was cleared of the crime for lack of evidence. Despite all of that, Quezon soon began to rise in political prominence under the American regime. He passed the bar exam in 1903 and went to work as a surveyor and clerk.  In 1904, Quezon met a young Lieutenant Douglas MacArthur; the two would become close friends in the 1920s and 1930s. The newly-minted lawyer became a prosecutor in Mindoro in 1905  and then was elected governor of Tayabas the following year. In 1906, the same year he became governor, Manuel Quezon founded the Nacionalista Party with his friend Sergio Osmena. It would be the leading political party in the Philippines for years to come. The following year, he was elected to the inaugural Philippine Assembly, later renamed the House of Representatives. There, he chaired the appropriations committee and served as majority leader. Quezon moved to the United States for the first time in 1909, serving as one of two resident commissioners to the US House of Representatives. The Philippines commissioners could observe and lobby the US House  but were non-voting members. Quezon pressed his American counterparts to pass the Philippine Autonomy Act, which became law in 1916, the same year that he returned to Manila. Back in the Philippines, Quezon was elected to the Senate, where he would serve for the next 19 years until 1935. He was selected as the first President of the Senate  and continued in that role throughout his Senate career. In 1918, he married his first cousin, Aurora Aragon Quezon; the couple would have four children. Aurora would become famous for her commitment to humanitarian causes. Tragically, she and their eldest daughter were assassinated in 1949. Presidency In 1935, Manuel Quezon headed a Filipino delegation to the United States to witness US President Franklin Roosevelts signing of a new constitution for the Philippines, granting it semi-autonomous commonwealth status. Full independence was supposed to follow in 1946.   Quezon returned to Manila and won the first national presidential election in the Philippines as the Nacionalista Party candidate. He handily defeated Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay, taking 68% of the vote.   As president, Quezon implemented a number of new policies for the country. He was very concerned with social justice, instituting a minimum wage, an eight-hour workday, the provision of public defenders for indigent defendants in court, and the redistribution of agricultural land to tenant farmers. He sponsored the building of new schools across the country, and promoted womens suffrage; as a result, women got the vote in 1937. President Quezon also established Tagalog as the national language of the Philippines, alongside English. Meanwhile, however, the Japanese had invaded China in 1937 and started the Second Sino-Japanese War, which would lead to World War II in Asia. President Quezon kept a wary eye on Japan, which seemed likely to target the Philippines soon in its expansionist mood. He also opened the Philippines to Jewish refugees from Europe, who were fleeing increasing Nazi oppression in the period between 1937 and 1941. This saved about 2,500 people from the Holocaust. Although Quezons old friend, now-General Douglas MacArthur, was assembling a defense force for the Philippines, Quezon decided to visit Tokyo in June of 1938. While there, he tried to negotiate a secret mutual non-aggression pact with the Japanese Empire. MacArthur learned of Quezons unsuccessful negotiation, and relations temporarily soured between the two. In 1941, a national plebiscite amended the constitution to allow presidents to serve two four-year terms rather than a single six-year term. As a result, President Quezon was able to run for re-election. He won the November  1941 poll with almost 82% of the vote over Senator Juan Sumulong. World War II On December 8, 1941, the day after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Japanese forces invaded the Philippines.  President Quezon and other top government officials had to evacuate to Corregidor along with General MacArthur.  He fled the island in a submarine, moving on to Mindanao, then Australia, and finally the United States.  Quezon set up a government in exile in Washington D.C.   During his exile, Manuel Quezon lobbied the US Congress to send American troops back into the Philippines.  He exhorted them to Remember Bataan, in reference to the infamous Bataan Death March.  However, the Filipino president did not survive to see his old friend, General MacArthur, make good on his promise to return to the Philippines. President Quezon suffered from tuberculosis.  During his years in exile in the US, his condition steadily worsened until he was forced to move to a cure cottage in Saranac Lake, New York.  He died there on August 1, 1944.  Manuel Quezon was originally buried in Arlington National Cemetery, but his remains were moved to Manila after the war was over.

Chinese Literature unit paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chinese Literature unit paper - Essay Example During this battle, Cao Cao gave up land along and South of the Yangtze River. This text is not completely accurate because it was written by Chen Shou, an officer for the Shu Han. Once again since the Shu Han was victorious, Shou had a warped view of the Battle of Red Cliff. Although biased, Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel is what John Woo used to make his movie Red Cliff. This historical account is the official record. No matter what biases Shou had, this is what the Shu Empire recorded at the time. This account makes more sense than The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, so most Chinese accept this account. History cannot always be revealed without the help of historians. Shou created an account that is the most credible. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms can be considered more fiction than fact. In this book is the poem, â€Å"Cao Cao Short Story†. This poem shows Cao Cao in a bad light. The following sums up how the Shu Kingdom felt about Cao Cao. The poem is like Cao Cao is the narrator. The wine before me as I sing: how long can a man’s life last?... How can I banish melancholy?- by Du Kang’s gift of wine†¦ This shows that Cao Cao was not a good leader, but a drunken depressed individual. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms also minimizes the Eastern Wu’s generals. This fanciful account is solely a product of later fictional Shu beliefs. The numbers of the soldiers were increased on Cao Cao’s side and decreased on the Shu side. The Red Cliff Battle will remain elusive in the annals of history.

Verizon Wireless Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Verizon Wireless - Case Study Example These are its high quality nationwide wireless network, technological choice of CDMA instead of GSM, constant monitoring of its products and services, and provision of the best product to the customer through an automated software which analyzes customers' calling habits. The company's investment in building a system which takes into consideration the customer service capabilities and coverage has important implications on the company's long-term cost structure. Through these investments, the company is able to provide the best for its clients thereby minimizing churn. The case states that customer loyalty is very important as the acquisition of a customer totals to $300 to $400 each and it takes six to eight months before this cost of customer acquisition is recouped by a business organization. Thus, when a customer stays longer in a service provider, this will mean that the cost of acquisition is covered while the company will not be spending so much in order to acquire new ones. Loyalty also has important implications for a company. If customers are loyal, they tend to spread it to word of mouth allowing the companies not to spend too much on other promotional activities like television advertising. This, in time, reduces the acquisition cost for a business organization. ... This business level strategy is complemented by the functional strategies of quality, efficiency, and responsiveness to customer. The company has invested in quality by checking its signals in nationwide locations through its Test Men as well as having the largest coverage, clearer connections, and fewer dropped calls. Efficiency is also ensured through the employment of CDMA technology which functions better than its GSM counterpart. The company also proves its commitment to customer responsiveness through its consistent communication with clients offering them with the best plans that suit their calling habits. These strengths allow Verizon Wireless to have a competitive advantage in the wireless business. It should be noted that having a nationwide coverage is very hard to be replicated by another player since it will call for a massive outlay of investment in its part. As Verizon has already been operating in this nationwide network, it also enjoys economies of scale which drives down cost significantly. Weaknesses: Verizon Wireless churn rate is 0.87%. Through lower than its competitors, this still indicate that the company is not able to serve all of its clients and meet their requirements. The company should aim and strive to bring down the churn rate to 0% since these aggravated customers through word of mouth can ruin the image of the company which is detrimental in the long run Opportunities: The quality, efficiency, and customer responsiveness can be used by Verizon in order to allow it to go after its rival's customers. It should be noted that the company does not have the most number of subscribers. It can earn more clients through a more intensive

The basis of structure, of life, and of mankind Essay Example for Free

The basis of structure, of life, and of mankind Essay Every single form of life on the planet is created and controlled by a chemical recipe, a chemical code consisting of hundreds of thousands of instructions in every single cell, the basis of structure, of life, and of mankind. Who, what, where, when, how, and why, are all questions which for centuries have remained unanswered. They demanded an extraordinary amount of skill, time, and precision from individuals the world over to be conquered to our current level of understanding. Many discoveries have led to the discovery of genetics. In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen, a german physicist, accidentally discovered x-rays, whilst studying cathode rays in a high voltage gaseous discharge tube. This marked the beginning of a long series of explorations and experiments, eventually leading to the discovery of DNA. A year later in 1896, Antoine Becquerel, this time a french physicist, discovered through experimentation and observation, the disintegration of electromagnetic rays (x-rays, and gamma rays), also known as radioactivity. He was observing the element uranium and saw that it could blacken a photographic plate even though the latter was separated by a sheet of glass and paper. Becquerel also noticed that the rays were capable of emitting charge captured by an electroscope, which showed they possessed an electric charge too. Becquerels idea was revolutionised in 1898 by Pierre and Marie Curie who suggested radioactivity occurred due to the structure of atoms. Max Von Laue then discovered x-ray diffraction in 1912, which was, not long after, mathematically interpreted by Lawrence Bragg by analysing the different diffraction patterns made by x-rays when they deviate from their original paths, due to closely spaced atoms in the crystal. Bragg didnt believe that Laues theory was correct in detail. He therefore carried out numerous experiments and concluded by using the now common Bragg law. This details at what angles x-rays will be most efficiently diffracted by crystals when the wavelength and distance between the crystal atoms are known. One very famous scientist who played a large part in the progression towards the discovery of DNA was Maurice Wilkins. Teamed with Rosalind Franklin, both x-ray crystallographers, their studies included analysing DNA crystals and diffraction. They discovered that the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA molecule is present on the outside of the molecule and also discovered the basic helical structure of the molecule. The final breakthrough came in 1953, when Francis Crick, and James Watson (Wilkins was also a principal contributor) officially published their model for the structure of DNA. They discovered how information, governing heredity is carried in the chromosomes of human cells (DNA), hence determining physical development in every single cell of the individual. Procedures have evolved even further since then, which shows how much science can progress over the years. What begins as a small theory can drastically transform into an enormous scientific revolution, changing they way we would have previously visualised ideas. HUGO was set up in the year 2000. This organisation involves the very best scientists from all over the world and the technology of supercomputers and robotics also, and was set up originally in a bid to crack the genetic code. This occurred on the 26th of June 2000 and now provides the blueprint for all human life. Thanks to all the dedication of those scientists over centuries, many ideas previously considered as ridiculous are being reconsidered. Who would believe, for instance, that an actual living animal could be cloned using another animals DNA? It may have taken scientists over 250 attempts to clone Dolly the sheep, but they succeeded in the end. Could it now be seen as possible to clone a dinosaur? It could occur, although the odds of retrieving frozen, preserved, living cells are very slim. Another consideration would need to be finding a very closely related female living species for the cloning to work. An impossibility? Perhaps not! New technology derived from such scientific investigations now enable more effective medical treatments to be created, and also could help eradicate inherited diseases such as downs syndrome or some forms of cancer, giving people a better quality of life. Recent innovations are GM crops, and human cloning, over which there is much controversy. We do not yet know what disadvantages could occur if we mess with the chemical code for life. For all the advantages such as enabling crops to become drought resistant, creating decaffeinated coffee plants, and increasing disease and pest resistance, as well as maybe in the future being able to recreate an animal or person whom has died, or being able to choose how your baby will look, there are bound to be disadvantages. Recent research suggests that disease immunity decreases considerably in a cloned animal, than a normal animal. With such complicated and moral issues, the issue of religion must be considered. It can sometimes be perceived that science today is displacing the views of religion. For example it is believed that god created mankind. With evidence such as the above, it certainly questions the reliability of religion. I believe that both religion and science is important. The human race is forever wanting answers as to what they dont know. However, the amount of belief in religion seems to be declining due to people wanting evidence to support statements. No longer will they accept an idea as a safeguard because it is stated in the bible, they want to know why it is so. Its seems more people want to believe magic however. Maybe it is because science is so closely related to magic and is in itself a type of hocus pocus. It is a method of explaining why something occurs despite our limited knowledge and disbelief and doesnt need experiments to clarify it. In the past it was thought to contradict the bible, but, really it is another side of science which just needs to be explored. In the past, it was believed witches conjured magic. We now know that it is the planet earth which conjures up magic which is waiting to be uncovered. Altogether, it can be concluded that science has progressed dramatically over the years. It is a magic which is never ending and which will never cease to be investigated. It is an alternative way of looking at the world, which progresses everyday and which, just like religion or magic, brings about previously unheard of miracles. Science is always being revolutionised and is beginning to be seen by many as a new religion, which is gradually unfolding the mysteries the universe prevails.

Possessions of Character in The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien :: The Things They Carried Vietnam War Essays

Possessions of Character in The Things They Carried by Tim O'Brien "The Things They Carried," by Tim O'Brien, contains many references to "possessions of character." Many things Lt. Cross carries were carried by all, including: military equipment, stationery, photographs, diseases, food, the land of Vietnam itself, their lives, and even more. O'Brien highlights these along with special things that Lt. Jimmy Cross carries. He, thus, reveals something of what Cross values. Belongings reflect his character and thoughts. "Grief, terror, love, longing--these were intangibles, but the intangibles had their own mass and specific gravity, they had tangible weight." Lt. Jimmy Cross carries letters and a pebble from Martha, a girl whom he cares about greatly, but she does not share the same emotions for him. He carries these things to remind him of her, of his feelings for her. At the end of every day he ritually unwraps them and reads them. These letters are light in weight, only ten ounces, but prove to be a heavy burden. Above all, he carries the responsibility for the lives of his men. He is dreaming when Lavender is shot, and so he blames himself for it. Lavender's death was something which "He would have to carry like a stone in his stomach for the rest of the war." He does not always pay attention to what is most important, his men. Lt. Jimmy Cross burns all of Martha's letters at the end of the story, trying to forget her, to erase the memory. Still, he carries her in his mind along with the haunting memory that she was not involved. Martha is just a part of the technicalities now, he bids her farewell in his mind and decides to rid himself of the pebble. He is past his days of dreaming and hoping. Everything that Lt. Cross carries has more physical weight than those letters, but none were more of a burden to him.

The Treaty of Paris

Treaty of Paris Signed by the United States and Spain, December 10, 1898The United States of America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, in the name of her august son Don Alfonso XIII, desiring to end the state of war now existing between the two countries, have for that purpose appointed as plenipotentiaries: The President of the United States, William R. Day, Cushman K. Davis, William P.Frye, George Gray, and Whitelaw Reid, citizens of the United States; And Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, Don Eugenio Montero Rios, president of the senate, Don Buenaventura de Abarzuza, senator of the Kingdom and ex-minister of the Crown; Don Jose de Garnica, deputy of the Cortes and associate justice of the supreme court; Don Wenceslao Ramirez de Villa-Urrutia, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Brussels, and Don Rafael Cerero, general of division; Who, having assembled in Paris, and having exchanged their full powers, which were found to be in due and proper form, ha ve, after discussion of the matters before them, agreed up on the following articles: Article I. Spain relinquishes all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba. And as the island is, upon its evacuation by Spain, to be occupied by the United States, the United States will, so long as such occupation shall last, assume and discharge the obligations that may under international law result from the fact of its occupation, for the protection of life and property. Article II. Spain cedes to the United States the island of Porto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and the island of Guam in the Marianas or Ladrones. Article III.Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within the following line: A line running from west to east along or near the twentieth parallel of north latitude, and through the middle of the navigable channel of Bachi, from the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) to the one hundred and twenty-seventh (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, thence along the one hundred and twenty seventh (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the parallel of four degrees and forty five minutes (4 [degree symbol] 45†²]) north latitude, thence along the parallel of four degrees and forty five minutes (4 [degree symbol] 45†²) north latitude to its intersection with the meridian of longitude one hundred and nineteen degrees and thirty five minutes (119 [degree symbol] 35†²) east of Greenwich, thence along the meridian of longitude one hundred nd nineteen degrees and thirty five minutes (119 [degree symbol] 35†²) east of Greenwich to the parallel of latitude seven degrees and forty minutes (7 [degree symbol] 40†²) north, thence along the parallel of latitude of seven degrees and forty minutes (7 [degree symbol] 40†²) north to its intersection with the one hundred and sixteenth (116th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, thence by a direct line to the intersection of the tenth (10th) degree parallel of north latitude with the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich, and thence along the one hundred and eighteenth (118th) degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the point of beginning. The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty. Article IV. The United States will, for the term of ten years from the date of the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, admit Spanish ships and merchandise to the ports of the Philippine Islands on the same terms as ships and merchandise of the United States.Article VThe United States will, upon the signature of the present treaty, send back to Spain, at its own cost, the Spanish soldiers taken as prisoners of war on the capture of Manila by the Am erican forces. The arms of the soldiers in question shall be restored to them. Spain will, upon the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, proceed to evacuate the Philippines, as well as the island of Guam, on terms similar to those agreed upon by the Commissioners appointed to arrange for the evacuation of Porto Rico and other islands in the West Indies, under the Protocol of August 12, 1898, which is to continue in force till its provisions are completely executed. The time within which the evacuation of the Philippine Islands and Guam shall be completed shall be fixed by the two Governments.Stands of colors, uncaptured war vessels, small arms, guns of all calibres, with their carriages and accessories, powder, ammunition, livestock, and materials and supplies of all kinds, belonging to the land and naval forces of Spain in the Philippines and Guam, remain the property of Spain. Pieces of heavy ordnance, exclusive of field artillery, in the fortifications and coast d efences, shall remain in their emplacements for the term of six months, to be reckoned from the exchange of ratifications of the treaty; and the United States may, in the meantime, purchase such material from Spain, if a satisfactory agreement between the two Governments on the subject shall be reached.Article VISpain will, upon the signature of the present treaty, release all prisoners of war, and all persons detained or imprisoned for political offences, in connection with the insurrections in Cuba and the Philippines and the war with the United States. Reciprocally, the United States will release all persons made prisoners of war by the American forces, and will undertake to obtain the release of all Spanish prisoners in the hands of the insurgents in Cuba and the Philippines. The Government of the United States will at its own cost return to Spain and the Government of Spain will at its own cost return to the United States, Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines, according to the situation of their respective homes, prisoners released or caused to be released by them, respectively, under this article. Article VII.The United States and Spain mutually relinquish all claims for indemnity, national and individual, of every kind, of either Government, or of its citizens or subjects, against the other Government, that may have arisen since the beginning of the late insurrection in Cuba and prior to the exchange of ratifications of the present treaty, including all claims for indemnity for the cost of the war. The United States will adjudicate and settle the claims of its citizens against Spain relinquished in this article. Article VIII. In conformity with the provisions of Articles I, II, and III of this treaty, Spain relinquishes in Cuba, and cedes in Porto Rico and other islands in the West Indies, in the island of Guam, and in the Philippine Archipelago, all the buildings, wharves, barracks, forts, structures, public highways and other immovable property which , in conformity with law, belong to the public domain, and as such belong to the Crown of Spain.And it is hereby declared that the relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, to which the preceding paragraph refers, can not in any respect impair the property or rights which by law belong to the peaceful possession of property of all kinds, of provinces, municipalities, public or private establishments, ecclesiastical or civic bodies, or any other associations having legal capacity to acquire and possess property in the aforesaid territories renounced or ceded, or of private individuals, of whatsoever nationality such individuals may be. The aforesaid relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, includes all documents exclusively referring to the sovereignty relinquished or ceded that may exist in the archives of the Peninsula. Where any document in such archives only in part relates to said sovereignty, a copy of such part will be furnished whenever it shall be requested. Like rules shall be reciprocally observed in favor of Spain in respect of documents in the archives of the islands above referred to.In the aforesaid relinquishment or cession, as the case may be, are also included such rights as the Crown of Spain and its authorities possess in respect of the official archives and records, executive as well as judicial, in the islands above referred to, which relate to said islands or the rights and property of their inhabitants. Such archives and records shall be carefully preserved, and private persons shall without distinction have the right to require, in accordance with law, authenticated copies of the contracts, wills and other instruments forming part of notorial protocols or files, or which may be contained in the executive or judicial archives, be the latter in Spain or in the islands aforesaid. Article IX.Spanish subjects, natives of the Peninsula, residing in the territory over which Spain by the present treaty relinquishes or cedes her sover eignty, may remain in such territory or may remove therefrom, retaining in either event all their rights of property, including the right to sell or dispose of such property or of its proceeds; and they shall also have the right to carry on their industry, commerce and professions, being subject in respect thereof to such laws as are applicable to other foreigners. In case they remain in the territory they may preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain by making, before a court of record, within a year from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty, a declaration of their decision to preserve such allegiance; in default of which declaration they shall be held to have renounced it and to have adopted the nationality of the territory in which they may reside.The civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of the territories hereby ceded to the United States shall be determined by the Congress. Article X. The inhabitants of the territories over which Spain relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty shall be secured in the free exercise of their religion. Article XI. The Spaniards residing in the territories over which Spain by this treaty cedes or relinquishes her sovereignty shall be subject in matters civil as well as criminal to the jurisdiction of the courts of the country wherein they reside, pursuant to the ordinary laws governing the same; and they shall have the right to appear before such courts, and to ursue the same course as citizens of the country to which the courts belong. Article XII. Judicial proceedings pending at the time of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty in the territories over which Spain relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty shall be determined according to the following rules: 1. Judgments rendered either in civil suits between private individuals, or in criminal matters, before the date mentioned, and with respect to which there is no recourse or right of review under the Spanish law, shall be d eemed to be final, and shall be executed in due form by competent authority in the territory within which such judgments should be carried out. 2.Civil suits between private individuals which may on the date mentioned be undetermined shall be prosecuted to judgment before the court in which they may then be pending or in the court that may be substituted therefor. 3. Criminal actions pending on the date mentioned before the Supreme Court of Spain against citizens of the territory which by this treaty ceases to be Spanish shall continue under its jurisdiction until final judgment; but, such judgment having been rendered, the execution thereof shall be committed to the competent authority of the place in which the case arose. Article XIII. The rights of property secured by copyrights and patents acquired by Spaniards in the Island of Cuba and in Porto Rico, the Philippines and other ceded territories, at the time of the exchange of the ratifications of this treaty, shall continue to b e respected.Spanish scientific, literary and artistic works, not subversive of public order in the territories in question, shall continue to be admitted free of duty into such territories, for the period of ten years, to be reckoned from the date of the exchange of the ratifications of this treaty. Article XIV. Spain will have the power to establish consular officers in the ports and places of the territories, the sovereignty over which has been either relinquished or ceded by the present treaty. Article XV. The Government of each country will, for the term of ten years, accord to the merchant vessels of the other country the same treatment in respect of all port charges, including entrance and clearance dues, light dues, and tonnage duties, as it accords to its own merchant vessels, not engaged in the coastwise trade. Article XVI.It is understood that any obligations assumed in this treaty by the United States with respect to Cuba are limited to the time of its occupancy thereof; but it will upon termination of such occupancy, advise any Government established in the island to assume the same obligations. Article XVII. The present treaty shall be ratified by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof, and by Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain; and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington within six months from the date hereof, or earlier if possible. In faith whereof, we, the respective Plenipotentiaries, have signed this treaty and have hereunto affixed our seals.Done in duplicate at Paris, the tenth day of December, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety-eight. [Seal] William R. Day[Seal] Cushman K. Davis[Seal] William P. Frye[Seal] Geo. Gray[Seal] Whitelaw Reid[Seal] Eugenio Montero Rios[Seal] B. de Abarzuza[Seal] J. de Garnica[Seal] W. R. de Villa Urrutia[Seal] Rafael CereroDocument courtesy of The Avalon Project Source: A Treaty of Peace Between the United States and S pain, U. S. Congress, 55th Cong. , 3d sess. , Senate Doc. No. 62, Part 1 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899), 5-11. | Source: â€Å"Firstworldwar. com. † First World War. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Jan. 2013. http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/amex/1900/filmmore/reference/primary/treatyofparis. html

Haggard’s King Solomon’s Mines Essay

   had three huge barns, nine wives and thirty children. â€Å"(Achebe, 15) These men held titles which gave them a higher status in society. It was the responsibility of the clansmen to watch out for other individuals in their society. We do not ask for wealth because he that has health and children will also have wealth. We do not pray to have more money but to have more kinsmen. We are better than animals because we have kinsmen. An animal rubs its itching flank against a tree, a man asks his kinsmen to scratch him. (Achebe, 145) This exemplifies the values of a traditional Igbo society where the bond between fellow members of the society as well as health was greatly cherished. They held the life of their kinsmen very high. Achebe goes a step further in describing the elaborate family system of the natives. Unlike Haggard’s previously discussed perception implying the underestimated value of money, agriculture played an important role in supporting the polygamous household. The natives grew crops and also reared and tamed animals such as chicken and goats. Achebe’s attitude discretely explains that the native society in the mid 19th century was civilized contrary to the image established by Sir Henry Rider Haggard. Africa is known for its majestic beauty, flora and fauna. King Solomon’s Mines offers wondrous descriptions of the landscape and wilderness found in the untamed, uncivilized, unadulterated land. â€Å"There are the deep kloofs cut in the hills by the rushing rains of centuries, down which the rivers sparkle; there is the deepest green of the bush, growing as God planted it†¦ † (Haggard, 32) The possibility of untold treasures still to be discovered within the hidden parts of the land naturally sparks ideas of heroic adventures. Haggard considers the unexplored land as being dark and evil. â€Å"But here and there you meet †¦ make out a little piece of history of this dark land. † (Haggard, 18) On the other hand, Achebe’s novel is embedded with multitudes of descriptions of the natural environment as well as how people have modeled their economy around it: The last big rains of the year were falling. It was the time for treading red earth with which to build walls. It was not done earlier because the rains were too heavy and would have washed away the heap of trodden earth; and it could not be done later because harvesting would soon set in, and after that the dry season. (Achebe, 142) Similar to Haggard, Achebe has depicted Africans as living in mud huts, but the distinction in their attitude can be easily made through analyzing the following description: Oknonkwo’s prosperity was visible in the household. He had a large compound enclosed by a thick wall of red earth. His own hut, or obi, stood immediately behind the only gate in the red walls†¦ The barn was built against one end of the red walls, and long stacks of yam stood out prosperously in it. (Achebe, 11) Things Fall Apart describes the homes were the representation of the owner’s prosperity and success in the society. The attitudes exhibited by both writers towards the topography of the land are similar, even though Achebe describes the significance of seasons and climatic changes in the natives’ lives. Sir Henry Rider Haggard’s King Solomon’s Mines and Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart are concise novels which offer insightful descriptions of Africa and Africans as discussed above. They elaborate upon the beliefs, values and harmony of the people with their native land. Haggard’s description of Africa and Africans shows that his attitude is not completely detached from the stereotypical European beliefs. Achebe is successful in offering a credible and historically accurate description of the rich land, diverse culture and unique traditions. His attitude cannot be considered completely just nor unbiased as he is discussing the history of his own people. However, the analysis of the two novels brings out an interesting pattern. The perceptions presented in the novels preserve the thinking of the society when the two novels were each written. The post colonial society of today is much more accepting of the diversity present in indigenous cultures. This acceptance and appreciation was suppressed in the colonial era when strong nations such as Britain were colonizing other parts of the world. Overtime, our global society has prodigiously evolved and continues this progression implicating a growth of acceptance and appreciation of cultural diversity.

The Function of The

The Function of The The Function of â€Å"The† The Function of â€Å"The† By Mark Nichol I found it interesting, when researching this topic, that the definition for the in Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary is nearly as long as this post and that’s for just one set of functions for the word, as a definite article. The also functions, less often, as an adverb (â€Å"I like that one the best†) and, rarely, a preposition used in place of per (â€Å"Those cost ten dollars the dozen†). And why should anyone feel the need to look the up in the dictionary? Isn’t it obvious? When it comes to meaning, yes, the role of the in a sentence is clear. But it’s not always clear whether the cast of characters in the sentence must include that role. Consider the sentence â€Å"I looked out over the land.† The writer describes surveying a particular plot of land. However, â€Å"The price of land has gone down lately† omits the because no specific plot of land is being discussed; the topic is the concept of land in general. But notice that in these nearly identical sentences, the difference in meaning seems to be the reverse of the difference in the previous paragraph: â€Å"I poured water out of the pitcher† explains what was poured, whereas â€Å"I poured the water out of the pitcher† emphasizes where the water came from. Notice, however, that in those examples and the pair that follow, the is a marker for a second reference: â€Å"I put the shoes on and walked outside† emphasizes the particular pair of shoes, which presumably have already been referred to. â€Å"I put shoes on and walked outside† calls no special attention to the shoes; the sentence merely describes the writer’s routine preliminary to leaving the premises. Sometimes the presence or absence or the in a sentence is irrelevant; the person quoted could have employed either usage: â€Å"She’ll have the strawberry cheesecake† identifies the particular dessert a diner wishes to be served, one either visible to the speaker or listed on a menu a literal or implied second reference. â€Å"She’ll have strawberry cheesecake† means the same thing with the subtle difference that the speaker is not directly alluding to the dessert selection visible in the form of a slice or a reference in text. However, in the case of the pair of sentences about the shoes, the previous reference may be very important; these are magic shoes we’re reading about, for example. â€Å"I put shoes on and walked outside† presumably leaves the unusual footwear behind; â€Å"I put the shoes on and walked outside† moves the plot along. The is deliberately omitted in many types of usage. For instance, most references to countries (â€Å"Afghanistan,† â€Å"Zimbabwe†) need no definite article, nor do references to their citizens (â€Å"Afghanis,† Zimbabweans†), unless, again, a particular subgroup is in question (â€Å"The Afghanis in the tour group kept to themselves†). Exceptions include use of â€Å"the Netherlands† and similar geographically influenced names. The same rule applies to names of other geographical or geopolitical features (â€Å"Mount Everest,† but â€Å"the Himalayas†; â€Å"Hawaii,† but â€Å"the Hawaiian Islands†; â€Å"Lake Tahoe†, but â€Å"the Great Salt Lake†). Oddly, writers who would never make the mistake of omitting the before â€Å"Netherlands† or â€Å"Hawaiian Islands† frequently refrain from preceding names of organizations: â€Å"March of Dimes Foundation was founded in 1938.† Admittedly, some names do not merit the definite article, but they are usually obvious (â€Å"Project Reason,† â€Å"People for the American Way†). However, logic should override poor usage. The People for the American Way Foundation, associated with the organization named in the latter example, incorrectly self-identifies as â€Å"People for the American Way Foundation.† The rule of thumb is that any organizational name ending in a word referring to the entity (foundation, organization, project, etc.) requires the definite article, just as a generic reference such as â€Å"the foundation† merits it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive At50 Latin Phrases You Should KnowForming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives

Confederation Poets of Canada

Confederation Poets of Canada Confederation Poets of Canada Confederation changed life for Canadians, both politically and culturally. Canadian poetry reflected pride in the new country and its diverse landscapes. During this time, four poets rose to prominence for writing that extolled the natural beauty and pastoral culture of Canada. The literary critic and commentator Malcolm Ross dubbed them the Confederation Poets because they were all born in the 1860s when Canadian Confederation occurred. Bliss Carman Bliss Carman was born in 1861 in Fredericton, New Brunswick. After attending the University of New Brunswick, he wrote numerous poems, essays, and commentaries. He earned his income solely from writing and received the greatest international recognition of the Confederation Poets. His collection includes Vagabondia, Behind the Arras, and The Pipes of Pan. Archibald Lampman Lampman was born in 1861 and considered the Keats of Canada. He was renowned for poetry about nature. His works include Lyrics of Earth, Alcyone and Other Poems, and Amonth the Millet and Other Poems. Charles G.D. Roberts Charles Roberts is known as the â€Å"Father of Canadian Poetry.† He was born in 1860 in Douglas, New Brunswick, where he was homeschooled and was first published at the age of 12. He lived in the U.S. at one point and served in the Canadian military. His works include Orion and Other Poems, The Book of The Native, and The Vagrant of Time. Duncan Campbell Scott Duncan Scott was born in Ottawa and entered a life of civil service. During his free time, he wrote both prose and poetry. He received numerous writing awards throughout his lifetime and was named to the Royal Society of Canada. His poetry includes The Magic House and Other Poems, Labor and The Angel,and Via Borelius. Canadian Poetry is a Great Topic for Essays The poets of Canada are a great topic for history, literature, or writing class essays. No matter what topic you choose, can provide proofreading services to help give your writing the best possible presentation. We also offer writing and research services. Contact us at 800-573-0840 to see how we can help advance your academic success.

Factors That Lead To Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Essay

Factors That Lead To Smoking and Alcohol Consumption - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that many articles, books, and documentaries have been written about the advantages and disadvantages of drinking and smoking. The contradiction that exists between the pros and cons is what struck hard. While many concerned scholars have researched on the negative effects of drinking and smoking, a whole lot of others have come up with theories that try to explain the benefits of nicotine found in cigarettes and the positive effects of alcohol. It pains the author when he sees how cigarette manufacturing companies continue manufacturing the same, knowing pretty well of the effects. After thinking about these things, the researcher decided to research and writes nothing but the whole truth regarding alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. The writing process was not easy. This is because there is a whole lot of literature written regarding these two topics. The author, therefore, had to go an extra mile to ensure that he does not repeat wh at is already known. This, therefore, called for him to do an extensive research, in order to identify what was not covered by those who went before the author. The researcher finds these two topics to be the most appropriate for his project because of how closely they relate to each other, in that before consuming alcohol or smoking cigarette, one is motivated or compelled by something or someone. Nicotine and alcohol are among the most highly abused substances in the contemporary society. The effects might not be instant, but they do take their toll on the consumer’s body ultimately. Alcohol is known by many as the sole cause of liver cirrhosis. On the other hand, lung cancer is directly an effect of excessive cigarette smoking. These are just but a few of the major negative effects.

Can torture ever been acceptable in democratic civilized society Essay

Can torture ever been acceptable in democratic civilized society - Essay Example Thus in the article â€Å"Torture Damages Democracy says expert on Interrogation† the professor Darius Rejali states that torture can’t be costless. The professor discusses different forms of torture emphasizing the fact that torture affects not only those who are tortured but also the initiatives of torture. It is also mentioned in the article that torture is controversial issue and the same idea is reflected in the article by Paul W Kahn â€Å"Torture and Democratic Violence†, the aim of which is to understand what torture means for democratic society: â€Å"torture is no more destructive and no more illiberal than other forms of political violence† (Kahn). The professor Darius Rejali summarized his ideas in the book â€Å"Torture & democracy† that became the most comprehensive study of torture in the modern society. In the article â€Å"Torture State terrorism vs. Democracy† by Orlando Tizon it is stated that the â€Å"war against terrorism† is only an excuse of applying torture. "Only the person who has been tortured can tell how painful it is. The people who torture you dont let you die and they dont let you be alive" (Tison, 2002). The same issue is discussed in the â€Å"Work Open Society Institute: Globalizing Torture: CIA Secret Detention and Extraordinary Rendition† by Amrit Singh and in the article â€Å"the Use of torture†. In the work â€Å"The Proportionality of  Means and Ends: The Case against  Torture in a Democratic Society? the author Joaquà ­n Jareà ±o- Alarcà ³n raises an important issue discussing the position of torture defenders. Torture defenders in the modern society state that torture should be used as a method to get the necessary information. The author expresses the negative attitude to this approach: â€Å"with terrorist activities becoming an increasingly serious threat to democracy over the past ten years, the morality of torture is now an issue at the forefront of political

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Microeconomics - Essay Example The nation with the greatest income disparity associated with inequality is Great Britain (Economist, 2007). Having equity in a system is very important. Equity is relative to the size of the family nucleus. A family with an income of $40,000 with six members has a lower standard of living than a single person with the same income. The importance about balance is that it has helped transform the United States into a society in which unity exists due to the existence of equity. In any system in which inequality a way to change the nation faith is by emphasising in the nation’s educational system. Those who waited for the reward that comes with education will have more opportunities that those who are not in a position to do the same and achieve a higher educational status such as a bachelors or a masters degree. In the village depicted in the story Patient Capital (2007) the Indian tribe members were witness of inequality rising within their communities due to a variety of factors. One of the most influential factors for the appearance of inequality among the Indian members was education levels. Most of the society did not have opportunities for college education due to family and village responsibilities which were necessary for the survival of a group of people living in very high levels of poverty. The educated member of the tribe gain much more wealth than the rest of the members. In the United its agriculture trajectory is good example how a group of people was able to evolve its economy by switching from agriculture model to a manufacturing and service economy. Such an economy is better able to provide greater levels of income which improve standard of living of the people. There are many persons in the US who have struggled to break the barriers of inequality. In systems such as the United States prior to the civil movements of the 1960’s or in South Africa prior to the elimination of apartheid in 1994

Solid Variant of Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of Thoracic Spine

Solid Variant of Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of Thoracic Spine SOLID VARIANT OF ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST (S-ABC) OF THORACIC SPINE: A Case Report Abstract Introduction: The solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) has been seen on occasional basis, and till date very few cases involving the spine has been reported. The utmost difficulty is in diagnosing it with X-rays without using biopsy or surgery methods. In this case report, we present a very rare tumor of thoracic spine which was presented to us in an emergency situation and was managed by 360 degree decompression via posterior only approach and stabilization. Case Report: A 16-year-old young boy, presented to us with a sudden onset of weakness in both the lower extremities leading to paraplegia. He also had a history of back and chest pain since a year. Collapse of T5 vertebrae on plain radiograph was observed. The patient was taken to the operating room on emergency basis with an initial plan of a total en-block spondylectomy of T5. However, intraoperatively, histology favored solid-ABC variant rather than spindle cell tumor, Giant Cell Tumor. Thus Initial plan was revised to 360 degree decompression and without resecting body en-block via posterolateral approach. Results: After surgery, there was not only complete resolution of sensory and motor functions but also his chest and back pain was resolved.ÂÂ   The diseased vertebral body was re-constituted with new bone formation and healing was seen at 18 months, postoperatively. Conclusion: This case report concludes that solid ABC should be kept as a differential diagnosis for tumour of spine. Intraoperative frozen sections shall be useful as well. However,early diagnosis and appropriate surgical plays the most important role in successful management of ABC. Keywords: Aneurysmal Bone Cyst, ABC, Osteolytic lesion, Palliative Surgery. INTRODUCTION The solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is generally very rare to see and accounts for 3.4% to 7.5% of all aneurysmal bone cysts [1]. It is an expansile cystic lesion which can occur in any part of the bone and most often affects individuals in their second decade of life [2,3]. Jaffe and Lichtenstein were the first ones to describe ABC as its own entity in 1942, when they noted a peculiar blood-containing cyst of large size. [4]. Although benign, an ABC can grow rapidly and destruct the bone. Its expansile nature can cause lot of swelling, pain, deformity, disruption of growth plates, pathologic fractures and neurologic symptoms depending on location [2,3]. As many as 69% of primary ABCs demonstrate a characteristic clonal t(16;17) genetic translocationwhich can lead to upregulation of the TRE17/USP6 oncogene [5,6]. However, the diagnosis of ABC is quite difficult without biopsy or surgery. There is a distinct solid variant of ABC which was first described by Sanerkin et al., in 1983 [7]. This solid variant may be easily misdiagnosed as a spindle cell tumor, especially osteosarcoma [1]. ABCs are generally treated with surgery. However, asymptomatic ABCs may also exist which is characterized by clinically insignificant destruction of the bone. In such cases, close monitoring alone of the lesion is sufficient enough. However, the diagnosis must be first confirmed and the lesion should not be increasing in size. In case monitoring alone is selected as the management plan [8]. CASE REPORT A 16-year-old young boy, presented to us with a sudden onset of weakness in both the lower extremities leading to paraplegia. He also had a history of back and chest pain since a year. A good rectal tone without any perineal anesthesia was seen in rectal examination and the post-void residual urine volume was negligible. His premedical history was unremarkable. Laboratory findings were all within normal limits. Plain radiograph revealed collapse of T5 vertebrae in figure 1. CT axial images showed expansile and lyrics lesion in vertebral body, left pedicle and transverse process. T2-weighted Sagittal and axial MRI T2 weighted images of thoracic spine showing hyperintence signals in T5 vertebral body, left pedicle and transverse process with pathological fracture (Figure 2). Attempt to establish preoperative tissue biopsy couldnt be done because of the urgency of decompression. The patient was taken to the operating room on emergency basis with an initial plan of a total en-block spondylectomy of T5. However, intraoperatively, histology favored solid-ABC variant rather than Giant Cell Tumor. Thus Initial plan was revised to palliative surgery with 360 degree decompression and without resecting body en-block via posterolateral approach as shown in figure 3. The vertebral column was reconstructed in a 360ÂÂ ° manner with an expandable titanium cage and pedicle screw fixation (Figure 3). Results After surgery, there was not only complete resolution of sensory and motor functions but also his chest and back pain was resolved.ÂÂ   The diseased vertebral body was re-constituted with new bone formation and healing was seen at 18 months, postoperatively (figure 4). Discussion ABCs are benign, but locally aggressive and highly vascular tumors which has recurrence rates after curettage of equal to or less than 50 % [9]. However, Malghem had reported in his study about the spontaneous healing in three patients [10]. ABCs are found to have a predilection for the lumbar spine in the case series presented by Boriani [11]. Although CT and MRI are preferred diagnostic methods, it may be noted that in the literature, biopsy is the utmost necessary for confirmation, due to similarity of many bone lesions in appearance. Biopsy will show the proliferating round or oval cells, generally mixed with randomly distributed multi-nucleated giant cells, regions of reactive fibroblastic proliferation and region of tumor with the blood filled microcystic component [12]. Depending on the proliferative component, the solid variant of ABC may be histologically misdiagnosed for other benign or malignant tumor-like lesions of the bone [1]. The pathological differential diagnosis should always be kept in mind while thinking of ABC. They include solitary bone cyst, giant cell tumor, hemangioma, osteosarcoma, and chondroblastoma [13]. Treatment of ABC is also very controversial which includes arterial embolization, curettage with or without bone grafting, complete excision, intra-lesional drug injections (steroid and calcitonin) and radiation [14]. However,early diagnosis and appropriate surgical plays the most important role in successful management of ABC [15]. Whether surgical management results in a better outcome and recurrence rate than a more conservative or palliative one (for example, curettage alone) remains controversial and to be seen in future studies. Conclusion This case report concludes that ABC should be kept as a differential diagnosis for tumour of spine. Intraoperative frozen sections shall be useful as well. An effective spinal decompression and stabilization of ABC can be achieved by partial or subtotal excisions. However,early diagnosis and appropriate surgical plays the most important role in successful management of ABC. References Bertoni F, Bacchinin P, Capanna R, Ruggieri P, Biagini R, Ferruxxi A, Bettelli G, Picci P, Campanacci M: Solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst. Cancer 1993, 71:729-734. Clayer M. Injectable form of calcium sulphate as treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts. ANZ J Surg. 2008 May. 78(5):366-70. Burch S, Hu S, Berven S. Aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2008 Jan. 19(1):41-7. Jaffe HL, Lichtenstein L. Solitary unicameral bone cyst with emphasis on the roentgen picture, the pathologic appearance and the pathogenesis. Arch Surg. 1942. 44:1004-25. Panoutsakopoulos G, Pandis N, Kyriazoglou I, Gustafson P, Mertens F, Mandahl N. Recurrent t(16;17)(q22;p13) in aneurysmal bone cysts. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999 Nov. 26(3):265-6. Lau AW, Pringle LM, Quick L, Riquelme DN, Ye Y, Oliveira AM, et al. TRE17/ubiquitin-specific protease 6 (USP6) oncogene translocated in aneurysmal bone cyst blocks osteoblastic maturation via an autocrine mechanism involving bone morphogenetic protein dysregulation. J Biol Chem. 2010 Nov 19. 285(47):37111-20. Sanerkin NG, Mott MG, Roylance J: An unusual intraosseous lesion with fibroblastic, osteoclastic, osteoblastic, aneurysmal and fibromyxoid elements: solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst. Cancer 1983, 51:2278-2286. Tedesco N. Medscape, Aneurysmal Bone Cyst. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-overview#a11. Accessed on 24th January, 2017. Ruiter DJ, Van Rijssel TG, Van Der Velde EA. Aneurysmal bone cysts: a clinicopathological study of 105 cases. Cancer. 1977;39:2231-2239. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197705)39:53.0.CO;2-Q. Malghem J, Maldague B, Esselinckx, Noel H, De Nayer P, Vincent A. Spontaneous healing of aneurysmal bone cysts: a report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71B:645-650. Boriani S, De Iure F, Campanacci L, et al. Aneurysmal bone cyst of the mobile spine: report on 41 cases. Spine. 2001;26:27-35. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200101010-00007. Saccomanni R. Aneurysmal bone cyst of spine: a review of literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2008;128:1145-1147. doi: 10.1007/s00402-007-0477-6. Hay MC, Paterson D, Taylor TK. Aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60:406-411. Tsai JC, Dalinka MK, Fallon MD, Zlatkin MB, Kressel HY. Fluid-fluid level: a nonspecific finding in tumors of bone and soft tissue. Radiology. 1990;175(3):779-782. Garg S, Mehta S, Dormans JP. Modern surgical treatment of primary aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(3):387-392. doi: 10.1097/01.bpo.0000152910.16045.ee. Figures and Legends Figure 1. Radiograph showing collapse of T5 Vertebra (AP and LAT XRAY of thoracic spine showing pathological fracture and collapse of T5) FIGURE 2. CT (Top Left) MRI (Bottom left and Right). Figure 2. Intraoperative AP and Lat X-ray of thoracic spine showing pedicle screw fixation and cage Figure 4. Post-surgery MRI showing new bone formation