Socrates’ Philosophy-The Republic And The Apology. Plato

Socrates’ Philosophy-The Republic and The Apology Plato was an Ancient Greek philosopher who lived between 428-432 B.C. He wrote mainly in dialogues, to stay true to how Socrates communicated philosophy. Plato displayed what is considered Socrates’ philosophy throughout the dialogue The Apology. In The Republic, Socrates is mainly used as a mouthpiece to communicate Plato’s philosophy. Socrates follows a philosophy best explained as â€Å"I do not know†, whereas Plato tries to find the ultimate solution to philosophical problems. In this essay, I will argue how Socrates has the best philosophical approach compared to that of Plato. Throughout The Apology, the way Socrates defends himself is through logic, or logos. Socrates develops what is†¦show more content†¦He does so to prove how far they are from being wise. Throughout The Apology, Socrates shows his true philosophical standpoint of not knowing anything, he provides his form of questioning t o prove that no one actually has wisdom. Those who think they are wise, have subjective and human wisdom. Basically, they do not have any wisdom, like those Socrates refers to, the Sophists. While he refutes his charge of not acknowledging the gods, he proves this further by explaining that the Oracle simply used him as an example to show he views wisdom. He claims to not know anything and this is considered subjective, superhuman wisdom. However, the philosophical approach is quite the opposite in The Republic, Plato displays Socrates as the main speaker and provides an ultimate approach to how the government should be set up. This is quite the contrast from Socrates’ philosophical approach in The Apology. For example, in book 7, the philosopher/freed prisoner is the wisest person and is all knowing after he leaves the cave. â€Å"...In the knowable realm, the form of the good is the last thing to be seen, and it is reached only with difficulty. Once one has seen it...one m ust conclude that it is the cause of all that is correct and beautiful in anything†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Plato, 1135) This meaning that wisdom can be reached and once it has been, a person will understand everything. This wisdom is referred to byShow MoreRelated The Apology and the Republic Essay939 Words   |  4 Pages Socrates was a renowned philosopher in the ancient Grecian times. His peak was around the Peloponnesian War, when the Spartans defeated the Athenians and ended the Golden Age. The reason Socrates is one of histories most famous philosophers is largely due to Platos writings. 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Classical Abbreviations for Authors and Their Works

There are certain standard abbreviations used in connection with the authors and their works in Classics. While I generally spell out the names and works of ancient authors, it is not always possible. Besides, youll find the abbreviations elsewhere. The following is a list of the ancient, non-Biblical writers and their works that you are likely to encounter during your study of Classics. Ill elaborate the first sets of abbreviations and a few throughout the list that might be puzzling. Aesch. Ag.: Aeschylus, AgamemnonThe author comes first; his work comes next, so this abbreviation means Aeschylus, a tragic playwright, wrote a tragedy called Agamemnon.Aesch. Eum.: Aeschylus, EumenidesAesch. Lib.: Aeschylus, Libation BearersAesch. PB: Aeschylus, Prometheus BoundAesch. Pers.: Aeschylus, PersiansAesch. Seven: Aeschylus, Seven Against ThebesAesch. Supp.: Aeschylus, Suppliant MaidensAeschin. 1: Aeschines, Against TimarchusAeschin. 2: Aeschines, On the EmbassyAeschin. 3: Aeschines, Against CtesiphonAmm.: Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum GestarumAndoc. 1: Andocides, On the MysteriesAndoc. 2: Andocides, On his ReturnAndoc. 3: Andocides, On the PeaceAndoc. 4: Andocides, Against AlcibiadesAntiph. 1: Antiphon, Against the Stepmother for PoisoningAntiph. 2: Antiphon, First TetralogyAntiph. 3: Antiphon, Second TetralogyAntiph. 4: Antiphon, Third TetralogyAntiph. 5: Antiphon, On the murder of HerodesAntiph. 6: Antiphon, On the ChoreutesApollod.: Pseudo-Apollodorus, LibraryApollod. Ep it.: Pseudo-Apollodorus, EpitomeApollon.: Apollonius Rhodius, ArgonauticaNothing besides the Argonautica is attributed to Apollonius.App. BC: Appian, Civil WarsBC stands for bellum civile which means civil war.App. Gall.: Appian, Gallic HistoryApp. Hann.: Appian, Hannibalic WarApp. Hisp.: Appian, Wars in SpainApp. Ill.: Appian, Illyrian WarsApp. Ital.: Appian, ItalyApp. Mac.: Appian, Macedonian AffairsApp. Mith.: Appian, Mithridatic WarsApp. Praef.: Appian, PrefacePraef. is short for Praefatio which means preface.App. Pun.: Appian, Punic WarsApp. Reg.: Appian, KingsApp. Sam.: Appian, Samnite HistoryApp. Sic.: Appian, Sicily and the Other IslandsApp. Syr.: Appian, Syrian WarsAret. CA: Aretaeus, De curatione acutorum morborum libri duoAret. CD: Aretaeus, De curatione diuturnorum morborum libri duoAret. SA: Aretaeus, De causis et signis acutorum morborum (lib. 1)Aret. SD: Aretaeus, De causis et signis acutorum morborum (lib. 2)Aristoph. Ach.: Aristophanes, AcharniansAristoph. Birds: Ar istophanes, BirdsAristoph. Cl.: Aristophanes, CloudsAristoph. Eccl.: Aristophanes, EcclesiazusaeAristoph. Frogs: Aristophanes, FrogsAristoph. Kn.: Aristophanes, KnightsAristoph. Lys.: Aristophanes, LysistrataAristoph. Peace: Aristophanes, PeaceAristoph. Pl.: Aristophanes, PlutusAristoph. Thes.: Aristophanes, ThesmophoriazusaeAristoph. Wasps: Aristophanes, WaspsAristot. Ath. Pol.: Aristotle, Constitution of the AtheniansAristot. Const. Ath.: Aristotle, Constitution of the AtheniansAristot. Econ.: Aristotle, EconomicsAristot. Eud. Eth.: Aristotle, Eudemian EthicsAristot. Met.: Aristotle, MetaphysicsAristot. Nic. Eth.: Aristotle, Nicomachean EthicsAristot. Poet.: Aristotle, PoeticsAristot. Pol.: Aristotle, PoliticsAristot. Rh.: Aristotle, RhetoricAristot. Vir.: Aristotle, Virtues and VicesAug. Anc.: Augustus, Res GestaeThe name of the work by Augustus is given as both Monumentum Ancyranum and Res Gestae Divi Augusti.Aug. RG: Augustus, Res GestaeBacchyl. Dith.: Bacchylides, DithyrambsBa cchyl. Ep.: Bacchylides, EpiniciansBoe. Cons.: Boethius, Consolation of PhilosophyCaes. Civ.: Caesar, Civil WarCaes. Gal.: Caesar, Gallic WarCall. Ap.: Callimachus, Hymn to ApolloCall. Cer.: Callimachus, Hymn to DemeterCall. Del.: Callimachus, Hymn to DelosCall. Dem.: Callimachus, Hymn to DemeterCall. Dian.: Callimachus, Hymn to ArtemisCall. Epigr.: Callimachus, EpigramsCall. H. 1: Callimachus, Hymn to ZeusCall. H. 2: Callimachus, Hymn to ApolloCall. H. 3: Callimachus, Hymn to ArtemisCall. H. 4: Callimachus, Hymn to DelosCall. H. 5: Callimachus, Hymn to AthenaCall. H. 6: Callimachus, Hymn to DemeterCall. Jov.: Callimachus, Hymn to ZeusCall. Lav.: Callimachus, Hymn to AthenaCatul.: Catullus, PoemsCels.: A. Cornelius Celsus, De MedicinaCic. Ac.: Cicero, AcademicaCic. Agr.: Cicero, On the Agrarian LawCic. Amic.: Cicero, De AmicitiaCic. Arch.: Cicero, For ArchiasCic. Att.: Cicero, Letters to AtticusCic. Balb.: Cicero, For Cornelius BalbusCic. Caec.: Cicero, For Aulus CaecinaCic. Cael.: Cicero, For Marcus CaeliusCic. Catil.: Cicero, Against CatilineCic. Clu.: Cicero, For Aulus CluentiusCic. Deiot.: Cicero, For King DeiotariusCic. Div.: Cicero, De DivinationeCic. Div. Caec.: Cicero, Divinatio against Q. CaeciliusCic. Dom.: Cicero, On his HouseCic. Fam.: Cicero, Letters to his FriendsCic. Fat.: Cicero, De FatoCic. Fin.: Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et MalorumCic. Flac.: Cicero, For FlaccusCic. Font.: Cicero, For Marcus FonteiusCic. Har.: Cicero, On the Responses of the HaruspicesCic. Leg.: Cicero, De LegibusCic. Lig.: Cicero, For LigariusCic. Luc.: Cicero, LucullusCic. Man.: Cicero, On Pompeys CommandCic. Marc.: Cicero, For MarcellusCic. Mil.: Cicero, For MiloCic. Mur.: Cicero, For Lucius MurenaCic. N.D.: Cicero, de Natura DeorumCic. Off.: Cicero, De OfficiisCic. Parad.: Cicero, Paradoxa StoicorumCic. Phil.: Cicero, PhilippicsCic. Pis.: Cicero, Against PisoCic. Planc.: Cicero, For PlanciusCic. Prov.: Cicero, On the Consular ProvincesCic. Q. Rosc.: Cicero, For Quintus R oscius the ActorCic. Q. fr.: Cicero, Letters to his brother QuintusCic. Quinct.: Cicero, For Publius QuinctiusCic. Rab. Perd.: Cicero, For Rabirius on a Charge of TreasonCic. Rab. Post.: Cicero, For Rabirius PostumusCic. Red. Pop.: Cicero, To the Citizens after his ReturnCic. Red. Sen.: Cicero, In the Senate after his ReturnCic. Rep.: Cicero, De RepublicaCic. S. Rosc.: Cicero, For Sextus Roscius of AmeriaCic. Scaur.: Cicero, For Aemilius ScaurusCic. Sen.: Cicero, De SenectuteCic. Sest.: Cicero, For SestiusCic. Sul.: Cicero, For SullaCic. Tul.: Cicero, For Marcus TulliusCic. Tusc.: Cicero, Tusculanae DisputationesCic. Vat.: Cicero, Against VatiniusCic. Ver.: Cicero, Against VerresCic. ad Brut.: Cicero, Letters to BrutusCic. de Orat.: Cicero, On OratoryD. L.: Diogenes Laertius, Vitae philosophorumDem. 1: Demosthenes, Olynthiac 1Dem. 10: Demosthenes, Philippic 4Dem. 11: Demosthenes, Reply to PhilipDem. 12: Demosthenes, PhilipDem. 13: Demosthenes, On OrganizationDem. 14: Demosthenes, On the NavyDem. 15: Demosthenes, On the Liberty of the RhodiansDem. 16: Demosthenes, For the MegalopolitansDem. 17: Demosthenes, On the Accession of AlexanderDem. 18: Demosthenes, On the CrownDem. 19: Demosthenes, On the False EmbassyDem. 2: Demosthenes, Olynthiac 2Dem. 20: Demosthenes, Against LeptinesDem. 21: Demosthenes, Against MidiasDem. 22: Demosthenes, Against AndrotionDem. 23: Demosthenes, Against AristocratesDem. 24: Demosthenes, Against TimocratesDem. 25: Demosthenes, Against Aristogiton 1Dem. 26: Demosthenes, Against Aristogiton 2Dem. 27: Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 1Dem. 28: Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 2Dem. 29: Demosthenes, Against AphobusDem. 3: Demosthenes, Olynthiac 3Dem. 30: Demosthenes, Against OntenorDem. 31: Demosthenes, Against OntenorDem. 32: Demosthenes, Against ZenothemisDem. 33: Demosthenes, Against ApatouriusDem. 34: Demosthenes, Against PhormioDem. 35: Demosthenes, Against LacritusDem. 36: Demosthenes, For PhormioDem. 37: Demosthenes, Against PantaenetusDe m. 38: Demosthenes, Against Nausimachus and XenopeithesDem. 39: Demosthenes, Against Boeotus 1Dem. 4: Demosthenes, Philippic 1Dem. 40: Demosthenes, Against Boeotus 2Dem. 41: Demosthenes, Against SpudiasDem. 42: Demosthenes, Against PhaenippusDem. 43: Demosthenes, Against MacartatusDem. 44: Demosthenes, Against LeocharesDem. 45: Demosthenes, Against Stephanus 1Dem. 46: Demosthenes, Against Stephanus 2Dem. 47: Demosthenes, Against Evergus and MnesibulusDem. 48: Demosthenes, Against OlympiodorusDem. 49: Demosthenes, Against TimotheusDem. 5: Demosthenes, On the PeaceDem. 50: Demosthenes, Against PolyclesDem. 51: Demosthenes, On the Trierarchic CrownDem. 52: Demosthenes, Against CallippusDem. 53: Demosthenes, Against NicostratusDem. 54: Demosthenes, Against CononDem. 55: Demosthenes, Against CalliclesDem. 56: Demosthenes, Against DionysodorusDem. 57: Demosthenes, Against EubulidesDem. 58: Demosthenes, Against TheocrinesDem. 59: Demosthenes, Against NeaeraDem. 6: Demosthenes, Philippic 2D em. 60: Demosthenes, Funeral SpeechDem. 61: Demosthenes, Erotic EssayDem. 7: Demosthenes, On the HalonnesusDem. 8: Demosthenes, On the ChersoneseDem. 9: Demosthenes, Philippic 3Dem. Ex.: Demosthenes, ExordiaDem. L.: Demosthenes, LettersDemad. 1: Demades, On the Twelve YearsDin. 1: Dinarchus, Against DemosthenesDin. 2: Dinarchus, Against AristogitonDin. 3: Dinarchus, Against PhiloclesDiod.: Diodorus, Historical LibraryEuc.: Euclid, ElementsEur. Alc.: Euripides, AlcestisEur. Andr.: Euripides, AndromacheEur. Ba.: Euripides, BacchaeEur. Cycl.: Euripides, CyclopsEur. El.: Euripides, ElectraEur. Hec.: Euripides, HecubaEur. Hel.: Euripides, HelenEur. Her.: Euripides, HeraclesEur. Heraclid.: Euripides, HeraclidaeEur. Hipp.: Euripides, HippolytusEur. IA: Euripides, Iphigeneia in AulisEur. IT: Euripides, Iphigeneia in TaurusEur. Ion: Euripides, IonEur. Med.: Euripides, MedeaEur. Orest.: Euripides, OrestesEur. Phoen.: Euripides, Phoenician WomenEur. Rh.: Euripides, RhesusEur. Supp.: Euripides, SuppliantsEur. Tro.: Euripides, Trojan WomenGal. Nat. Fac.: Galen, De naturalibus facultatibusGel.: Gellius, Noctes AtticaeHH 1: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 1 to DionysusHH 10: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 10 to AphroditeHH 11: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 11 to AthenaHH 12: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 12 to HeraHH 13: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 13 to DemeterHH 14: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 14 to the Mother of the GodsHH 15: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 15 to HeraclesHH 16: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 16 to AsclepiusHH 17: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 17 to the DioscuriHH 18: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 18 to HermesHH 19: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 19 to PanHH 2: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 2 to DemeterHH 20: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 20 to HephaestusHH 21: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 21 to ApolloHH 22: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 22 to PoseidonHH 23: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 23 to ZeusHH 24: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 24 to HestiaHH 25: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 25 to the Muses and ApolloHH 26: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 26 to DionysusHH 27: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 27 to ArtemisHH 28: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 28 to AthenaHH 29: H omeric Hymns, Hymn 29 to HestiaHH 3: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 3 to ApolloHH 30: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 30 to EarthHH 31: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 31 to HeliosHH 32: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 32 to SeleneHH 33: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 33 to the DioscuriHH 4: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 4 to HermesHH 5: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 5 to AphroditeHH 6: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 6 to AphroditeHH 7: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 7 to DionysusHH 8: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 8 to AresHH 9: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 9 to ArtemisHdt.: Herodotus, HistoriesHes. Sh.: Hesiod, Shield of HeraclesHes. Th.: Hesiod, TheogonyHes. WD: Hesiod, Works and DaysHirt. Gal.: Caesar, Gallic WarHom. Il.: Homer, IliadHom. Od.: Homer, OdysseyHor. Ars: Horace, Ars PoeticaHor. Carm.: Horace, OdesHor. S.: Horace, SatiresHp. Acut.: Hippocrates, De diaeta in morbis acutisHp. Acut. Sp.: Hippocrates, De diaeta acutorumHp. Aer.: Hippocrates, De aere aquis et locisHp. Alim.: Hippocrates, De alimentoHp. Aph.: Hippocrates, AphorismiHp. Art.: Hippocrates, De articulisHp. Epid.: Hippocrates, De morbis popularibusHp. Fist.: Hippocrates, De fistulisHp. Fract.: Hippocrates, De fracturisHp. Haem.: Hippocrates, De haemorrhoidibusHp. Jusj.: Hippocrates, JusjurandumHp. Lex: Hippocrates, LexHp. Mochl.: Hippocrates, VectiariusHp. Morb. Sacr.: Hippocrates, De morbo sacroHp. Off.: Hippocrates, De officina mediciHp. Praec.: Hippocrates, PraeceptionesHp. Prog.: Hippocrates, PrognosticonHp. Ulc.: Hippocrates, De ulceribusHp. VC: Hippocrates, De capitis vulneribusHp. VM: Hippocrates, De prisca medicinaHyp. 1: Hyperides, In Defence of LycophronHyp. 2: Hyperides, Against PhilippidesHyp. 3: Hyperides, Against AthenogenesHyp. 4: Hyperides, In Defence of EuxenippusHyp. 5: Hyperides, Against DemosthenesHyp. 6: Hyperides, Funeral OrationIsaeus 1: Isaeus, CleonymusIsaeus 10: Isaeus, AristarchusIsaeus 11: Isaeus, HagniasIsaeus 12: Isaeus, EuphiletusIsaeus 2: Isaeus, MeneclesIsaeus 3: Isaeus, PyrrhusIsaeus 4: Isaeus, NicostratusIsaeus 5: Isaeus, DicaeogenesIsaeus 6: Isaeus, PhiloctemonIsaeus 7: Isaeus, ApollodorusIsaeus 8: Isaeus, CironIsaeus 9: Isaeus, AstyphilusIsoc. 1: Isocrates, To DemonicusIsoc. 10: Isocrates, HelenIsoc. 11: Isocrates, BusirisIsoc. 12: Isocrates, PanathenaicusIsoc. 13: Isocrates, Against the SophistsIsoc. 14: Isocrates, PlataicusIsoc. 15: Isocrates, AntidosisIsoc. 16: Isocrates, On the team of horsesIsoc. 17: Isocrates, TrapeziticusIsoc. 18: Isocrates, Against CallimachusIsoc. 19: Isocrates, AegineticusIsoc. 2: Isocrates, To NicoclesIsoc. 20: Isocrates, Against LochitesIsoc. 21: Isocrates, Against EuthynusIsoc. 3: Isocrates, Nicocles or the CypriansIsoc. 4: Isocrates, PanegyricusIsoc. 5: Isocrates, To PhilipIsoc. 6: Isocrates, ArchidamusIsoc. 7: Isocrates, AreopagiticusIsoc. 8: Isocrates, On the PeaceIsoc. 9: Isocrates, EvagorasIsoc. L. 1: Isocrates, Ad DionysiumIsoc. L. 2: Isocrates, Ad PhilippumIsoc. L. 3: Isocrates, Ad PhilippumIsoc. L. 4: Isocrates, Ad AntipatrumIsoc. L. 5: Isocrates, Ad AlexandrumIsoc. L. 6: Isocrates, Ad filios JasonisIsoc. L. 7: Isocrates, Ad TimotheumIsoc. L. 8: Isocrates, Ad reges MytilenaeosIsoc. L. 9: Isocrates, Ad ArchidamumJ. AJ: Flavius Josephus, Jewish AntiquitiesJ. Ap.: Flavius Josephus, Against ApionJ. BJ: Flavius Josephus, The Jewish WarJ. Vit.: Flavius Josephus, Life of JosephusLSJ: Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English LexiconLiv. 1: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 1Liv. 10: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 10Liv. 11: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 11, SummaryLiv. 12: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 12, SummaryLiv. 13: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 13, SummaryLiv. 14: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 14, SummaryLiv. 15: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 15, SummaryLiv. 16: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 16, SummaryLiv. 17: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 17, SummaryLiv. 18: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 18, SummaryLiv. 19: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 19, SummaryLiv. 2: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 2Liv. 20: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 20, SummaryLiv. 21: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 21Liv. 22: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 22Liv. 23: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 23Liv. 24: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 24Liv. 25: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 25Liv. 26: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 26Liv. 27: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 27Liv. 28: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 28Liv. 29: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 29Liv. 3: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 3Liv. 30: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 30Liv. 31: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 31Liv. 32: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 32Liv. 33: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 33Liv. 34: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 34Liv. 35: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 35Liv. 36: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 36Liv. 37: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 37Liv. 38: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 38Liv. 39: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 39Liv. 4: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 4Liv. 40: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 40Liv. 41: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 41Liv. 42: Livy, The History of R ome, Book 42Liv. 43: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 43Liv. 44: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 44Liv. 45: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 45Liv. 5: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 5Liv. 6: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 6Liv. 7: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 7Liv. 8: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 8Liv. 9: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 9Liv. Frag.: Livy, The History of Rome, FragmentsLuc.: Lucan, Civil WarLucr.: Lucretius, De Rerum NaturaLyc. 1: Lycurgus, Against LeocratesLys. 1: Lysias, On the Murder of EratosthenesLys. 10: Lysias, Against Theomnestus 1Lys. 11: Lysias, Against Theomnestus 2Lys. 12: Lysias, Against EratosthenesLys. 13: Lysias, Against AgoratusLys. 14: Lysias, Against Alcibiades 1Lys. 15: Lysias, Against Alcibiades 2Lys. 16: Lysias, For MantitheusLys. 17: Lysias, On the Property of EratonLys. 18: Lysias, On the Confiscation of the Property of the Brother of NiciasLys. 19: Lysias, On the Property of AristophanesLys. 2: Lysias, Funeral OrationLys. 20: Lysias, Fo r PolystratusLys. 21: Lysias, Defence against a Charge of Taking BribesLys. 22: Lysias, Against the Corn DealersLys. 23: Lysias, Against PancleonLys. 24: Lysias, On the Refusal of a PensionLys. 25: Lysias, Defence against a Charge of subverting the DemocracyLys. 26: Lysias, On the Scrutiny of EvandrosLys. 27: Lysias, Against Epicrates and his Fellow EnvoysLys. 28: Lysias, Against ErgoclesLys. 29: Lysias, Against PhilocratesLys. 3: Lysias, Against SimonLys. 30: Lysias, Against NicomachusLys. 31: Lysias, Against PhilonLys. 32: Lysias, Against DiogeitonLys. 33: Lysias, Olympic OrationLys. 34: Lysias, Against the Subversion of the Ancestral Constitution of AthensLys. 4: Lysias, On a Wound by PremeditationLys. 5: Lysias, For CalliasLys. 6: Lysias, Against AndocidesLys. 7: Lysias, On the Olive StumpLys. 8: Lysias, Accusation of CalumnyLys. 9: Lysias, For the SoldierNep. Ag.: Cornelius Nepos, AgesilausNep. Alc.: Cornelius Nepos, AlcibiadesNep. Ar.: Cornelius Nepos, AristidesNep. Att.: Corn elius Nepos, AtticusNep. Ca.: Cornelius Nepos, CatoNep. Cha.: Cornelius Nepos, ChabriasNep. Cim.: Cornelius Nepos, CimonNep. Con.: Cornelius Nepos, CononNep. Dat.: Cornelius Nepos, DatamesNep. Di.: Cornelius Nepos, DionNep. Ep.: Cornelius Nepos, EpaminondasNep. Eum.: Cornelius Nepos, EumenesNep. Ham.: Cornelius Nepos, HamilcarNep. Han.: Cornelius Nepos, HannibalNep. Iph.: Cornelius Nepos, IphicratesNep. Lys.: Cornelius Nepos, LysanderNep. Milt.: Cornelius Nepos, MiltiadesNep. Paus.: Cornelius Nepos, PausaniasNep. Pel.: Cornelius Nepos, PelopidasNep. Phoc.: Cornelius Nepos, PhocionNep. Reg.: Cornelius Nepos, KingsNep. Them.: Cornelius Nepos, ThemistoclesNep. Thr.: Cornelius Nepos, ThrasybulusNep. Timol.: Cornelius Nepos, TimoleonNep. Timoth.: Cornelius Nepos, TimotheusOv. Am.: Ovid, AmoresOv. Ars: Ovid, Ars AmatoriaOv. Ep.: Ovid, EpistulaeOv. Ep. Sapph.: Ovid, EpistulaeOv. Med.: Ovid, Medicamina Faciei FemineaeOv. Met.: Ovid, MetamorphosesOv. Rem.: Ovid, Remedia AmorisPaus.: Pausania s, Description of GreecePetr.: Petronius, SatyriconPetr. Fr.: Petronius, FragmentsPetr. Poems: Petronius, PoemsPhaed.: Phaedrus, FablesPind. I.: Pindar, IsthmeanPind. N.: Pindar, NemeanPind. O.: Pindar, OlympianPind. P.: Pindar, PythianPl. Am.: Plautus, AmphitruoPl. As.: Plautus, AsinariaPl. Aul.: Plautus, AululariaPl. Bac.: Plautus, BacchidesPl. Capt.: Plautus, CaptiviPl. Cas.: Plautus, CasinaPl. Cist.: Plautus, CistellariaPl. Cur.: Plautus, CurculioPl. Epid.: Plautus, EpidicusPl. Men.: Plautus, MenaechmiPl. Mer.: Plautus, MercatorPl. Mil.: Plautus, Miles GloriosusPl. Mos.: Plautus, MostellariaPl. Per.: Plautus, PersaPl. Poen.: Plautus, PoenulusPl. Ps.: Plautus, PseudolusPl. Rud.: Plautus, RudensPl. St.: Plautus, StichusPl. Trin.: Plautus, TrinummusPl. Truc.: Plautus, TruculentusPl. Vid.: Plautus, VidulariaPlat. Alc. 1: Plato, Alcibiades 1Plat. Alc. 2: Plato, Alcibiades 2Plat. Apol.: Plato, ApologyPlat. Charm.: Plato, CharmidesPlat. Cleit.: Plato, CleitophonPlat. Crat.: Plato, Crat ylusPlat. Criti.: Plato, CritiasPlat. Crito: Plato, CritoPlat. Epin.: Plato, EpinomisPlat. Euthyd.: Plato, EuthydemusPlat. Euthyph.: Plato, EuthyphroPlat. Gorg.: Plato, GorgiasPlat. Hipp. Maj.: Plato, Greater HippiasPlat. Hipp. Min.: Plato, Lesser HippiasPlat. Hipparch.: Plato, HipparchusPlat. Ion: Plato, IonPlat. L.: Plato, LettersPlat. Lach.: Plato, LachesPlat. Laws: Plato, LawsPlat. Lovers: Plato, LoversPlat. Lysis: Plato, LysisPlat. Menex.: Plato, MenexenusPlat. Meno: Plato, MenoPlat. Minos: Plato, MinosPlat. Parm.: Plato, ParmenidesPlat. Phaedo: Plato, PhaedoPlat. Phaedrus: Plato, PhaedrusPlat. Phileb.: Plato, PhilebusPlat. Prot.: Plato, ProtagorasPlat. Rep.: Plato, RepublicPlat. Soph.: Plato, SophistPlat. Stat.: Plato, StatesmanPlat. Sym.: Plato, SymposiumPlat. Theaet.: Plato, TheaetetusPlat. Theag.: Plato, TheagesPlat. Tim.: Plato, TimaeusPlb.: Polybius, HistoriesPlin. Ep.: Pliny the Younger, EpistulaePlin. Nat.: Pliny the Elder, Naturalis HistoriaPlut. Aem.: Plutarch, Aemili us PaullusPlut. Ages.: Plutarch, AgesilausPlut. Agis: Plutarch, AgisPlut. Alc.: Plutarch, AlcibiadesPlut. Alex.: Plutarch, AlexanderPlut. Ant.: Plutarch, AntoniusPlut. Arat.: Plutarch, AratusPlut. Arist.: Plutarch, AristeidesPlut. Art.: Plutarch, ArtaxerxesPlut. Brut.: Plutarch, BrutusPlut. CG: Plutarch, Gaius GracchusPlut. Caes.: Plutarch, CaesarPlut. Cam.: Plutarch, CamillusPlut. Cat. Ma.: Plutarch, Marcus CatoPlut. Cat. Mi.: Plutarch, Cato MinorPlut. Cic.: Plutarch, CiceroPlut. Cim.: Plutarch, CimonPlut. Cleom.: Plutarch, CleomenesPlut. Comp. Ag. Gracch.: Plutarch, Comparison of Agis and Cleomenes and the GracchiPlut. Comp. Ages. Pomp.: Plutarch, Comparison of Agesilaus and PompeyPlut. Comp. Alc. Cor.: Plutarch, Comparison of Alcibiades and CoriolanusPlut. Comp. Aristid. Cat.: Plutarch, Comparison of Aristides with Marcus CatoPlut. Comp. Cim. Luc.: Plutarch, Comparison of Lucullus and CimonPlut. Comp. Dem. Cic.: Plutarch, Comparison of Demosthenes with CiceroPlut. Comp. Demetr. A nt.: Plutarch, Comparison of Demetrius and AntonyPlut. Comp. Dion. Brut.: Plutarch, Comparison of Dion and BrutusPlut. Comp. Eum. Sert.: Plutarch, Comparison of Sertorius and EumenesPlut. Comp. Lyc. Num.: Plutarch, Comparison of Lycurgus and NumaPlut. Comp. Lys. Sull.: Plutarch, Comparison of Lysander and SullaPlut. Comp. Nic. Crass.: Plutarch, Comparison of Nicias and CrassusPlut. Comp. Pel. Marc.: Plutarch, Comparison of Pelopidas and MarcellusPlut. Comp. Per. Fab.: Plutarch, Comparison of Pericles and Fabius MaximusPlut. Comp. Phil. Flam.: Plutarch, Comparison of Philopoemen and TitusPlut. Comp. Sol. Publ.: Plutarch, Comparison of Solon and PublicolaPlut. Comp. Thes. Rom.: Plutarch, Comparison of Theseus and RomulusPlut. Comp. Tim. Aem. : Plutarch, Comparison of Timoleon and AemiliusPlut. Cor.: Plutarch, Caius Marcius CoriolanusPlut. Crass.: Plutarch, CrassusPlut. Dem.: Plutarch, DemosthenesPlut. Demetr.: Plutarch, DemetriusPlut. Dio: Plutarch, DionPlut. Eum.: Plutarch, EumenesPl ut. Fab.: Plutarch, Fabius MaximusPlut. Flam.: Plutarch, Titus FlamininusPlut. Galb.: Plutarch, GalbaPlut. Luc.: Plutarch, LucullusPlut. Lyc.: Plutarch, LycurgusPlut. Lys.: Plutarch, LysanderPlut. Mar.: Plutarch, Caius MariusPlut. Marc.: Plutarch, MarcellusPlut. Nic.: Plutarch, NiciasPlut. Num.: Plutarch, NumaPlut. Oth.: Plutarch, OthoPlut. Pel.: Plutarch, PelopidasPlut. Per.: Plutarch, PericlesPlut. Phil.: Plutarch, PhilopoemenPlut. Phoc.: Plutarch, PhocionPlut. Pomp.: Plutarch, PompeyPlut. Publ.: Plutarch, PublicolaPlut. Pyrrh.: Plutarch, PyrrhusPlut. Rom.: Plutarch, RomulusPlut. Sert.: Plutarch, SertoriusPlut. Sol.: Plutarch, SolonPlut. Sull.: Plutarch, SullaPlut. TG: Plutarch, Tiberius GracchusPlut. Them.: Plutarch, ThemistoclesPlut. Thes.: Plutarch, TheseusPlut. Tim.: Plutarch, TimoleonProp.: Sextus Propertius, ElegiesPs. Xen. Const. Ath.: Old Oligarch, Constitution of the AtheniansQuint. Inst. 1: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 1Quint. Inst. 10: Quintilian, Institutio Or atoria, Book 10Quint. Inst. 11: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 11Quint. Inst. 12: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 12Quint. Inst. 2: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 2Quint. Inst. 3: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 3Quint. Inst. 4: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 4Quint. Inst. 5: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 5Quint. Inst. 6: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 6Quint. Inst. 7: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 7Quint. Inst. 8: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 8Quint. Inst. 9: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 9Quint. Inst. Pref.: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, PrefaceSal. Cat.: Sallust, Catilinae ConiuratioSal. Hist.: Sallust, HistoriaeSal. Jug.: Sallust, Bellum IugurthinumSen. Ag.: Seneca, AgamemnonSen. Apoc.: Seneca, ApocolocyntosisSen. Ben.: Seneca, de BeneficiisSen. Brev. Vit.: Seneca, de Brevitate VitaeSen. Cl.: Seneca, de ClementiaSen. Cons. Helv.: Seneca, de consolatione ad HelviamSen. Cons. Marc.: Seneca, de consolatione ad MarciamSen. Cons. Polyb.: Seneca, de consolatione ad PolybiumSen. Cons. Sap.: Seneca, de ConstantiaSen. Const.: Seneca, de ConstantiaSen. Ep.: Seneca, EpistulaeSen. Her. F.: Seneca, Hercules FurensSen. Her. O.: Seneca, Hercules OetaeusSen. Ira: Seneca, de IraSen. Med.: Seneca, MedeaSen. Oct.: Seneca, OctaviaSen. Oed.: Seneca, OedipusSen. Ot. Sap.: Seneca, de Otio SapientisSen. Phaed.: Seneca, PhaedraSen. Phoen.: Seneca, PhoenissaeSen. Prov.: Seneca, de ProvidentiaSen. Thy.: Seneca, ThyestesSen. Tranq.: Seneca, de Tranquilitate AnimiSen. Tro.: Seneca, TroadesSen. Vit. Beat.: Seneca, de Vita BeataServ. A.: Servius, Commentary on the Aeneid of VergilSoph. Aj.: Sophocles, AjaxSoph. Ant.: Sophocles, AntigoneSoph. El.: Sophocles, ElectraSoph. Ich.: Sophocles, IchneutaeSoph. OC: Sophocles, Oedipus at ColonusSoph. OT: Sophocles, Oedipus TyrannusSoph. Phil.: Sophocles, PhiloctetesSoph. Trach.: Sophocles, TrachiniaeStrab.: Strabo, GeographySuet. Aug.: Suetonius, Divus AugustusSuet. Cal.: Suetonius, CaligulaSuet. Cl.: Suetonius, Divus ClaudiusSuet. Dom.: Suetonius, DomitianusSuet. Gal.: Suetonius, GalbaSuet. Jul.: Suetonius, Divus JuliusSuet. Nero: Suetonius, NeroSuet. Otho: Suetonius, OthoSuet. Tib.: Suetonius, TiberiusSuet. Tit.: Suetonius, Divus TitusSuet. Ves.: Suetonius, Divus VespasianusSuet. Vit.: Suetonius, VitelliusSulpicia: Sulpicia, PoemsTac. Ag.: Tacitus, AgricolaTac. Ann.: Tacitus, AnnalesTac. Dial.: Tacitus, DialogusTac. Ger.: Tacitus, GermaniaTac. Hist.: Tacitus, HistoriaeTer. Ad.: Terence, The BrothersTer. An.: Terence, AndriaTer. Eu.: Terence, The EunuchTer. Hau.: Terence, The Self-TormenterTer. Hec.: Terence, The Mother-in-LawTer. Ph.: Terence, PhormioTheoc.: Theocritus, IdyllsTheoc. Ep.: Theocritus, EpigramsTheoc. Id.: Theocritus, IdyllsThphr. Char.: Theophrastus, CharactersThuc.: Thucydides, HistoriesV. Fl.: C. Valerius Flaccus, ArgonauticaVerg. A.: Vergil, AeneidVerg. Ecl.: Vergil, EcloguesVerg. G.: Vergil, GeorgicsVitr.: Vitruvius, On Architectu reXen. Ages.: Xenophon, AgesilausXen. Anab.: Xenophon, AnabasisXen. Apol.: Xenophon, ApologyXen. Cav.: Xenophon, On the Cavalry CommanderXen. Const. Lac.: Xenophon, Constitution of the LacedaimoniansXen. Cyrop.: Xenophon, CyropaediaXen. Ec.: Xenophon, EconomicsXen. Hell.: Xenophon, HellenicaXen. Hiero: Xenophon, HieroXen. Horse.: Xenophon, On the Art of HorsemanshipXen. Hunt.: Xenophon, On HuntingXen. Mem.: Xenophon, MemorabiliaXen. Sym.: Xenophon, SymposiumXen. Ways: Xenophon, Ways and Means Source: Perseus.

Causes And Effects Of Global Warming - 8495 Words

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The Lives of Children and the Conscience of a Nation Free Essays

They are amazing, they are unique and innocent. However, because of the devastating demoralization happening in the society today, they are the ones becoming the victims of the situation of the society today. Certainly, children are the ones who are becoming the main victims of the social changes occurring today. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lives of Children and the Conscience of a Nation or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is undeniable that the situation plaguing the young ones today is indeed alarming, thus requiring attention from the authorities involved in the process of facing the said changes. The youth are the hope of today’s society. This line has long been recognized by many industrialized as well as developing countries worldwide. This is the primary reason why it is evident that government organizations are trying to invest their best possible available assets to the development of the young generation. However, not all of the members of the young generation actually get to have an access on the said programs. Most of them, who belong to the minority groups of the society, are the ones who are in need of these programs. Yet, they are the ones who have lesser access on the said governmental set-ups. As a result, young people who get charged with juvenile delinquency cases are increasing every year. The fact that they have nothing better to do than to simply stay at home or wander around in the stets, they become the target of numerous gangs that are encouraging youths to join them in their unlawful acts If not, many of these youths bring forth several chaotic movements that particularly disturb the entire community. These youths certainly need help. However, one tragic problem is being confronted by the present generation of children and youths. The personal development in general aspect of humanity is being hindered by the challenges of juvenile delinquency. Most of the youths are being misled by outside and detrimental influences such as vices manifesting in gambling, illegal drugs, and bad companies. Most of the youths nowadays are falling into the pitfalls of becoming addictive to drug intoxication, alcoholism, and smoking. Others are sacrificing their educational pursuit for personal development to influences of bad companies such as gangs and groupies resulting to violence and social aggression. In addition, most parts of the generations of youths and children nowadays are falling as victims of social violence such as bullying, gang aggression, rape, harassment, and other abuses. Thus, the children and youths of the present generations are being misled to the adversities of the juvenile delinquency. In a relative context of story-narration entitled Amazing Grace, as written by Jonathan Kozov, the situation of the society today that addresses the problems with the youth and the ways by which they are involved in the different issues of social downfall of morale. The story of Kozol, he portrayed the situation in a more actual picture that related the present problems with the problems of the children on one particular community that he visited for observation. Through this story, the author made it clear that even though children are innocent, it is undeniable that with the considerable influences that they receive from the society that they live in at present affects the behavior that they have towards the life that they are facing in the future. The worse case to consider is that most of the children who are negatively influenced by the social systems are becoming juvenile delinquents; true, with regards this factor of the truth, the rate of those individuals becoming involved in juvenile delinquency issues continue to increase every year. Nevertheless, society has already started moving to address this alarming social problem of juvenile delinquency with the youths and children. Concerned citizens and community groups have already established non-profit organization to aid recovering victims and ex-delinquent in the search for the proper way of developing themselves. These organizations have helped many youths and children of this present generation in the recuperation from the horror and adversities of the former delinquent life in the aim of realizing the full potential as significant and relevant individuals within the society aiming for their personal and humanities development in the future. Peer Pressure and the Youth Influences Seeing the sample narration that Jonathan Kozol presented through the context of the story on the â€Å"Amazing Grace†, it could be observed that he pointed out that there are several points of consideration needing attention with regards the capability of the entire society to influence the young minds of the younger generation trying to make the best out of their future does yet. (Kozol, 13) THE researchers felt that they had it all figured out. They had intently examined 200 children from their infancy through adolescence. They analyzed the parents, the home environment and the disposition of each child. Then they predicted which of these children would become happy adults. It seemed simple—a happy childhood under a pleasant family environment would produce a happy adult. After waiting till the children became 30 years of age, they re-interviewed them. Furthermore, as the children grow up, the young adults become more prone to different influences from the environment. The people that they deal with everyday become the source of the different values that they take in for themselves as they personally grow up. There are at least four major reasons why young people develop in the behavior that they grow up with. These four major dimensions of development could be noted as follows: †¢ The family and the parents: usually, the young children get the examples of acts from their parents which in turn they carry in themselves as they grow up. It is through this particular process that the young ones are able to comprehend with the impact that their parents are making on them as young adults. †¢ The Environment and the Society: As the young children grow older, the impact of the people living around them aside from their family members begins to leave an impact on their personality. True, the situation has been much more proved by the psychologists that the effect of the family and the society differ from each other. As for a fact, the percentage of effect that the society makes on the individual is far much higher than that of the effect of the family with development of the youngsters. †¢ The psychological need for acceptance: young ones aim to be accepted especially if they have the capacity of being recognized. This is the reason why they usually take sides on those who they seem are able to recognize their capabilities. †¢ The decision making system of the youngsters: They are usually deciding in different ways, most of the time, confusion gets in the way. This is the reason why it is very important that they are given fine attention as they are being assisted with the personal development difficulties that they are dealing with at present. To understand the four dimensions better, the diagram shall show the necessary illustration to explain better: How to cite The Lives of Children and the Conscience of a Nation, Papers

Human Addiction to a Nonrenewable Resource - Oil

Question: How has the evolution of the automobile as the major terrestrial type of transportation gone hand-in-hand with petroleum? Answer: Introduction Non-renewable resources are the resources that cannot be readily replaced by natural means. Few non-renewable resources are fossil fuels such as coal, oil or natural gas. These resources are also called depletable resources as they are depleting and leading to a worldwide power crisis (Epstein, 2014). The energy consumption has increased throughout human history with the increase in population. There is a great need and demand for non-renewable energy as it is used to run conveyances, provides light, run machineries and various other reasons. The usage of non-renewable resources leads to economic growth (Pao Fu, 2013). The human beings are highly dependent on the non-renewable sources of energy as it forms a part of their daily life. With the continuous demand of fossil fuels, it has always been in use. The non-renewable resources take centuries or millions of years to form naturally. With the increased usage, the researchers have estimated that these fossil fuels would cease to exi st over time (Nyambuu Semmler, 2014). Uses of oil and its family of products Crude oil is a non-renewable resource of energy that is used to make liquid petroleum products. Crude oil is the only fossil fuel that is available in liquid form and is used in preparing gasoline, heating oil, diesel fuel, jet fuel, residual fuel oil, asphalt, propane and various others. The above mentioned family of products are put to various uses, a few of which are discussed (Abdel-Aal Alsahlawi, 2013). Crude oil is used to prepare plastic that can be further used in production of cases, toys and countless number of everyday items. Petroleum is used to make clothing colourful and non-flammable. It is also used in the production of polyester, nylon, rayon and various others. Petroleum is used in carpet or linoleum flooring. It is also used in preparing various kitchen equipments such as door liners, non-stick pots and pans. Heating oil is used for heating homes in many cold countries across the world. Gasoline is used in conveyances like cars and vans. Asphalt is used in recreation of bicycle paths, playgrounds, running tracks and tennis courts. Diesel oil is used for running motor vehicles and power generators in factories (Speight, 2015). Evolution of the automobile and increased usage of petroleum Petroleum was high in demand even before the evolution of automobiles. The first automobile, Benz Patent-Motorwagen, was invented in the year 1886 (Parment, 2014). During the Industrial Revolution, the fuel was used to power the economy. In the mid 19th century, petroleum demand had risen to global prominence. America put the petroleum industry to a new level and used it to power automobiles, airplanes, ships and so on for generating electricity. Petroleum consumption also increased because the popularity of automobile grew with time and had a boom period after World War I (Ross, 2012). During the war, automobiles were in short supply and there was unsatisfied demand. The automobiles grew in demand as it narrowed the gaps between rural and urban life. Automobiles run by petroleum made commutation easy for farmers, officials and regular lives of people. Automobiles were used for personal as well as industrial uses that brought stronger competition and increased the demand for fuel han d-to-hand (Bridge Le Billon, 2013). Health and environmental impacts of terrestrial type of transportation Health impacts Exposure to automobile-related air pollution has a number of heath outcomes. Such pollution leads to increase in health and death risks. Leaded gasoline has various health impacts as the chemical is distributed to the bones, brain, liver, kidney, teeth and blood. There are serious health impacts such as impairment of brain function in children, increase in heart diseases, lower IQ and respiratory diseases. The developing nervous system is affected and leads to decline in intelligence quotient, aggression and attention deficit order (Grabow et al., 2011). Lead can also be harmful in pregnant women as it can cause still birth, miscarriage, low birth weight, premature birth and minor malformations. Longer exposure to lead can cause headache, lethargy, muscle weakness, convulsions, paralysis, cancer and anaemia. Major respiratory disorders are asthma, bronchitis leading to COPD and cardiovascular diseases. The male fertility also seems to be affected by automobile-related pollution. Carbon monoxide (CO) when inhale affects bloodstream, reduces the availability of oxygen and can be extremely harmful to public health (Akumu, 2012). Environmental impacts Increased use of automobiles has resulted in various environmental problems such as climate change, water quality, air quality, land take and biodiversity. Climate change- The transportation activities release million tons of gases into the atmosphere such as carbon monoxide, lead, methane, nitrous oxide and various others. These gases lead to ozone depletion. Air Quality- The toxic air pollutants emitting from automobiles reduce the quality of air. Acid precipitation, smog and other effects damage air quality causing forest decline and lack of natural visibility (Lera-Lpez, Faulin Snchez, 2012). Noise- The automobiles lead to noise pollution as there are continuous irregular and chaotic sounds. The hearing organs can be affected as the sounds are unpleasant. Water Quality- The automobiles also impact the hydrological activities by contaminating rivers, lakes, oceans and wetlands. Accidents like oil spills cause serious water pollution. Biodiversity- The natural vegetation is also affected by transportation. Many animal species are becoming extinct as a result of changes in their natural habitats and reduction of ranges (Dixon, 2013). Best policy and economy approach(s) for the eventual decline of fossil fuels According to Waldman (2015), Saudi Arabia plans to extend the age of oil. The aim of the petroleum minister is to diversify away the overreliance on oil revenues. The minister intends to decline demand for oil. Energy plays a central role in the global economy. The risks must be assessed and following insights for policy makers are listed as follows: Reduce energy demand Create low-cost alternatives (Nelson et al., 2014). The policymakers could focus on reducing coal consumption and minimize asset stranding. The operating hours of industries must be made flexible and consistent. The plants must be retired that do not imply air pollution control standards. The energy demand can be reduced by raising energy taxes or removing the subsidies applicable on fossil fuels. This would help in giving the consumers price signals higher than fair cost. This would eventually lead to decline in demand. Taxes are the primary mechanism for consumption reduction. The windfall would be greater than the cost to consumers (Golosov, Hassler, Krusell Tsyvinski, 2014). Pricing and innovation policy complement each other. Low-cost alternatives are identified that would reduce the use of fossil fuels. Government may seek to maximize the value of non-renewable resources (Kutting, 2011). The policies would not only influence the value at risk but also the ultimate financial cost. Biofuels has advantage over conventional fossil fuels as there is reduction in emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) (Atabani et al., 2012). One of key competitive advantages the fossil fuel industry has had is the huge capital, complexity risk and high level engineering skills required to develop them. Commodity pricing, incumbent corporate structures and investor practices have been designed around, and therefore favor, fossil fuel. It is suggested that the coal-fired generation in countries like India and China must be slowed (Lin Li, 2012). Renewable energy provides another potential option, but unlike most fossil fuels, renewable energy is typically financed at local financial market conditions that can significantly increase the cost of renewable energy (Ouyang Lin, 2014). The industries must convert sunlight, nuclear power, earths heat into energy that can be used by people. If prices of fossil fuels were raised, there would be no disincentive to invest in the renewable resource energy plants. Addressing the climate change issue is more likely to reduce the value of fossil fuel resources. Financial mechanisms can also reduce the impact of stranding. Changing the financing and business models can be developed for addressing budget consequences and phasing out fossil fuel production (Nelson et al., 2014). Finally, a Carbon Tracker Initiative can be taken for aligning capital markets with the climate change policy agenda. Lower carbon sources must be articulated, planned and accepted generally by the investors (Carbontracker.org, 2016). Conclusion There is a great need and demand for non-renewable energy as it is used to run conveyances, provides light, run machineries and various other reasons. . The non-renewable resources take centuries or millions of years to form naturally. With the increased usage, the researchers have estimated that these fossil fuels would cease to exist over time. Crude oil is used to prepare plastic that can be further used in production of cases, toys and countless number of everyday items. Gasoline is used in conveyances like cars and vans. Petroleum was high in demand even before the evolution of automobiles. The toxic air pollutants emitting from automobiles reduce the quality of air. Exposure to automobile-related air pollution has a number of health outcomes. Such pollution leads to increase in health and death risks. The risks must be assessed and it can be controlled by reducing energy demand and creating low-cost alternatives. References Abdel-Aal, H., Alsahlawi, M. (2013).Petroleum economics and engineering. Akumu, J. (2012).Harmful Effects of Leaded Gasoline. Algeria. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/transport/PCFV/PDF/Algeria/Harmful%20Effects%20of%20Leaded%20Gasoline,%20Jane%20Akumu-%20UNEP.pdf Atabani, A., Silitonga, A., Badruddin, I., Mahlia, T., Masjuki, H., Mekhilef, S. (2012). A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics.Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews,16(4), 2070-2093. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.003 Bridge, G., Le Billon, P. (2013).Oil. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Carbontracker.org,. (2016).What is Carbon Tracker?. Retrieved 22 February 2016, from https://www.carbontracker.org/ Dixon, J. (2013).Economic analysis of environmental impacts. London: Earthscan. Epstein, A. (2014). The moral case for fossil fuels. New York: Penguin Group. Golosov, M., Hassler, J., Krusell, P., Tsyvinski, A. (2014). Optimal Taxes on Fossil Fuel in General Equilibrium.Econometrica,82(1), 41-88. https://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta10217 Grabow, M., Spak, S., Holloway, T., Stone, B., Mednick, A., Patz, J. (2011). Air Quality and Exercise-Related Health Benefits from Reduced Car Travel in the Midwestern United States.Environ Health Perspect,120(1), 68-76. https://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103440 Kutting, G. (2011).Globalization and the environment. Albany: State University of New York Press. Lera-Lpez, F., Faulin, J., Snchez, M. (2012). Determinants of the willingness-to-pay for reducing the environmental impacts of road transportation.Transportation Research Part D: Transport And Environment,17(3), 215-220. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2011.11.002 Lin, B., Li, A. (2012). Impacts of removing fossil fuel subsidies on China: How large and how to mitigate?.Energy,44(1), 741-749. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.05.018 Nelson, D., Zuckerman, J., Goggins, A., Vladeck, T., Herv-Mignucci, M., Szambelan, S. (2014).Moving to a Low-Carbon Economy: The Impact of Policy Pathways on Fossil Fuel Asset Values. Retrieved from https://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Moving-to-a-Low-Carbon-Economy-The-Impacts-of-Policy-Pathways-on-Fossil-Fuel-Asset-Values.pdf Nyambuu, U., Semmler, W. (2014). Trends in the extraction of non-renewable resources: The case of fossil energy.Economic Modelling,37, 271-279. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.020 Ouyang, X., Lin, B. (2014). Impacts of increasing renewable energy subsidies and phasing out fossil fuel subsidies in China.Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews,37, 933-942. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.013 Pao, H., Fu, H. (2013). Renewable energy, non-renewable energy and economic growth in Brazil.Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews,25, 381-392. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.004 Parment, A. (2014). Auto Brand: Building Successful Car Brands for the Future (p. 172). Britain: Kogan. Ross, M. (2012).The oil curse. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Speight, J. (2015).Handbook of petroleum product analysis. New York: Wiley-Interscience. Waldman, P. (2015).Buying Time: The Saudi Plan to Extend the Age of Oil.Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 22 February 2016, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-12/saudi-arabia-s-plan-to-extend-the-age-of-oil

Breadtalk Economic Analysis free essay sample

There is a great opportunity to be an entrepreneur in this industry because of its low entry barriers. Having this opportunity, enterprising individuals are attracted to give up professional careers and go into business. Today, many FB entrepreneurs have expanded overseas by setting up franchises, joint ventures or corporate-owned outlets (Springs Singapore, 2008). 1. 2Background information on the company BreadTalk Group was founded in 2000, operates its chain of retail outlets selling breads, buns, cakes and pastries through its principal subsidiary, BreadTalk Pte Ltd. BreadTalk has become a unique Singapore brand that has gained international appeal. The Group owns and operates 34 bakery outlets in Singapore as of 31 Dec 2007, as well as several outlets in various countries regionally, including Shanghai and Beijing. It is most famous for its cream-filled buns topped with pork floss, named Flosss (BreadTalk, 2008). In 2003, the Group opened the world-renowned Din Tai Fing restaurants, famous for its its â€Å"xiao long bao† meat dumplings, in Singapore (BreadTalk, 2008). In 2005, BreadTalk enters further into the China market by acquiring Topwin Investment Holding Pte Ltd, which owns and operates 13 food courts under the award-winning brand-name Megabite in the PRC (BreadTalk, 2008). In October 2005, the Group opened Toast Box coffee shop which inherits the style and atmosphere of coffee shops in 60s and 70s (BreadTalk, 2008). 1. 3How the firm creates value As part of Breadtalk’s unique concept, the layout of retail outlets are designed in a way that customers have a clear view of bakery items on display. The outlets’ â€Å"see thru kitchens† allow the chefs to share the preparation of the freshly browned breads with customers and shoppers. The design of retail outlets also gives customers a warm and friendly atmosphere. To provide customers with high quality and freshly baked breads, breads are kept only one day on the shelves, and disposed at the end of business hours. Breads are created to reflect the local taste so that customers can enjoy the combination of western concept with eastern design. To accommodate the customers’ changing taste and individual differences, it constantly introduces new varieties of products. With so many varieties of selection, the promise is that â€Å"Each person will find something in the shop† and this makes the trip to the BreadTalk worthwhile (BreadTalk, 2008). 2. 0 Factors 2. 1 Factors influencing demand The four factors that determine demand for the bread supplied by BreadTalk are population, price of substitute goods, income and taste and preferences. 2. 1. 1 Population Figure 1: Singapore population Source: Data adapted from Statistics Singapore, www. singstat. gov. sg Figure 1. 1: Total revenue from owned and operated bakery outlets around the world Figure 2. 2: Singapore bakery sales Source: Data adapted from ListedCompany, www. ListedCompany. com Population is one of the factors that determine the demand for bread supplied by BreadTalk. As shown in Figure 1, Singapore population has been increasing year on year. With the growing population, there are more people to consume the products and hence, the sales of BreadTalk also increased from 31. 4 millions in 2006 to 39. 1 millions in 2007, as shown in Figure 2. 2. Thus, population growth tends to increase the number of buyers which increase the demand for BreadTalk. The market demand curve shifts to the right from D1 to D2 as shown in Figure 3. As a result, there is a direct relationship between Singapore’s population and demand for BreadTalk. Figure 3: Increase in demand 2. 1. 2 Price of Substitute goods The price of substitute goods is the second factor that affects the demand for BreadTalk. â€Å"Substitute good is a good that competes with another good for consumer purchases. As a result, there is a direct relationship between a price change for one good and the demand for its ‘competitor’ good† (Layton, Robinson Tucker, 2005). There are so many substitutes of bread from puffs to breads from other brands available in the market. If the price of bread from other brands increases, consumers switch to other cheaper brands. As a result, the demand of BreadTalk increases and demand curve shifts to rightward. 2. 1. 3 Income The third factor that affects the demand for bread is consumer’s income. The products from BreadTalk can be categorized as normal good because it is (BreadTalk total brandind solution, n. d), on average, 20 percent more expensive than other bakeries. â€Å"A normal good is any good for which there is a direct relationship between changes in income and its demand† (Layton et al. , 2005). As shown in Table 3, consumer’s income, as represented by GDP, rose from 49,301 in 2006 to 52,994 in 2007. The sales of BreadTalk increased from 31. 4 millions in 2006 to 39. 1 millions in 2007, as shown in Figure 2. 2. This shows that when consumer’s income increases, they spend more money on normal goods. So, the demand for BreadTalk also increases and the demand curve shifts rightward. Table 1: GDP of Singapore YearPer Capita GDP S$US $ 200546,73828,078 200649,30131,028 200752,99435,163 Source: Data extracted from Statistics Singapore, www. singstat. gov. sg 2. 1. 4 Taste and preferences Another factor that affects the demand for BreadTalk is Taste and preferences of consumers. With today’s changing lifestyle of Singapore, people are becoming health consciousness and demand for convenience (Adwan, 2003). With long working hours, people have no time to prepare rice and dishes which is time-consuming. Bread, which provides equivalent balanced diet, comes quite handy when a quick meal is preferred. Hence, bread has become popular for breakfast in families. According to Statistics Singapore Newsletter, in Singapore only 4 percent of populations do not consume the bread. Among the working groups, it is also popular to enjoy bread during lunch. This trend increases the demand for bread and thus, the demand curve shifts rightward. On the other hand, when people tired of eating bread, the demand curve shifts back to the left. Moreover, people nowadays demand both better quality and wider selection of products. The quality of products from BreadTalk is good and they have more than 150 varieties of products to cater consumer’s changing taste. So, the demand for BreadTalk increases. 2. 2 How a change in consumers’ income influences the price Figure 4: Demand and Supply curve Source: Data extracted from Google, www. images. google. com As mentioned in section 2. 1. 3, consumer’s income has been increasing year by year that they have more purchasing power. Thus, the demand for BreadTalk increases and the sales rose 24. 5% from 2006 to 2007 as shown in Figure 2. 2. As a result, the demand curve shifts rightward from D1 to D2, as illustrated in Figure 4. Accordingly, the equilibrium price of P1 and the equilibrium quantity of Q1 also increase to P2 and Q2 respectively. That means BreadTalk still sells more products even though they increase the price. Equilibrium occurs at any price for which the quantity demanded and the quantities supplied are equal† (Layton et al. , 2005). So, changes in consumers’ income have effect on the price that BreadTalk can sell its products. 3. 0 Market structure and how it affects competition 3. 1 Features BreadTalk is considered as monopolistic competitor with the following characteristics: †¢There are many small firms in the market. †¢The products are different. †¢Low barriers of entry and exit. 3. 1. 1 Many small firms In monopolistic competition, the market consists of many small firms with the small market share. Because there are a large numbers of firms, firm must pay attention to the average market price (Parkin, 2005, p. 284). 3. 1. 2 Product Differentiation Product differentiation means that each firm’s products are slightly different from the products of competitors. For example, the taste of â€Å"floss bun† from BreadTalk is slightly different from other brands’ â€Å"floss bun†. â€Å"Product differentiation can be real or imagined, but it does not matter if it is only imagined so long as consumers believe such differences exist† (Layton et al. , 2005, p. 235). For example, consumers (Layton et al. 2005) may think that BreadTalk sells the best breads in town, although breads from other brands have similar quality. This consumer’s perceived differences are a key success for firm to compete with competitors. 3. 1. 3 Low barriers of entry and exit It is easy to enter into monopolistic competitive market because only a small amount of capital is required to start up a business. Imagine there are numerous different brands of bread in the market compared with the available number of different airlines. 3. 2 How firms in monopolistic competition compete with each other Firms in monopolistic competition compete with each other in non-price competition, which involves advertising, packaging, product development and quality and service. 3. 2. 1 Advertising One way to compete in monopolistic competition market is by advertising. The main purpose of advertising is to create brand awareness. A brand name (Parkin, 2005, p. 293) provides information about the quality of a product to consumers. When consumer recognizes the brand name, he or she tends to choose that familiar brand over other brands because there is a perception that the brand has a better quality than others. BreadTalk market their products through the local media. They have also created publicity for the brand through interviews with the local newspapers and various articles about the products have been published in both the English and Chinese local newspapers (BreadTalk, 2008). 3. 2. 2 Design The design is important to attract the customers. The eye-catching design will definitely win the customers’ attention. Good design differentiates firm’s products from that of competitors. BreadTalk’s products are perfectly crafted and designed with colorful artwork and each bread also has a unique special name of its own. . 2. 3 Product development Since there are a lot of similar products from other firms in monopolistic competition market, firm must be innovative, and constantly introduces new products that will provide firm with a competitive edge. â€Å"A firm that introduces a new and differentiated product faces a less elastic demand curve and is able to increase its p rice and earn an economic profit† (Parkin, 2005). BreadTalk’s product development is very excellent that it is constantly introduce new products to cater customer’s changing taste. â€Å"The company introduces approximately 10 items every four months. Its retail outlet presently offers over 150 varieties of breads, buns, pastries and cakes for customers† (BreadTalk, 2008). 3. 2. 4 Quality and Service â€Å"The quality of a product is the physical attributes that make it different from the products of other firms† (Parkin, 2005). The quality is important to create customer loyalty. If the product is reliable and the service is good, customers will be most likely to come back again in the future. To provide customers with a better service, the retail outlets of BreadTalk is designed in a way that it allows customers to shop in a comfortable environment. For the ease of access to the shop, the outlets are opened near public transport system such as the Mass Rapid Transit stations, bus terminals and several shopping malls (BreadTalk 2008). 4. 0 Conclusion The Group has been making profit since started in 2000 by diversifying and expanding business overseas. Even though most of the profits came from Singapore division, the business cannot be expanded any further because Singapore market is small with tiny size of population. For long-term growth, the group should further seek out the opportunities in others countries with the big market to bring in even more profit.