Can torture ever been acceptable in democratic civilized society Essay

Can torture ever been acceptable in democratic civilized society - Essay Example Thus in the article â€Å"Torture Damages Democracy says expert on Interrogation† the professor Darius Rejali states that torture can’t be costless. The professor discusses different forms of torture emphasizing the fact that torture affects not only those who are tortured but also the initiatives of torture. It is also mentioned in the article that torture is controversial issue and the same idea is reflected in the article by Paul W Kahn â€Å"Torture and Democratic Violence†, the aim of which is to understand what torture means for democratic society: â€Å"torture is no more destructive and no more illiberal than other forms of political violence† (Kahn). The professor Darius Rejali summarized his ideas in the book â€Å"Torture & democracy† that became the most comprehensive study of torture in the modern society. In the article â€Å"Torture State terrorism vs. Democracy† by Orlando Tizon it is stated that the â€Å"war against terrorism† is only an excuse of applying torture. "Only the person who has been tortured can tell how painful it is. The people who torture you dont let you die and they dont let you be alive" (Tison, 2002). The same issue is discussed in the â€Å"Work Open Society Institute: Globalizing Torture: CIA Secret Detention and Extraordinary Rendition† by Amrit Singh and in the article â€Å"the Use of torture†. In the work â€Å"The Proportionality of  Means and Ends: The Case against  Torture in a Democratic Society? the author Joaquà ­n Jareà ±o- Alarcà ³n raises an important issue discussing the position of torture defenders. Torture defenders in the modern society state that torture should be used as a method to get the necessary information. The author expresses the negative attitude to this approach: â€Å"with terrorist activities becoming an increasingly serious threat to democracy over the past ten years, the morality of torture is now an issue at the forefront of political

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Microeconomics - Essay Example The nation with the greatest income disparity associated with inequality is Great Britain (Economist, 2007). Having equity in a system is very important. Equity is relative to the size of the family nucleus. A family with an income of $40,000 with six members has a lower standard of living than a single person with the same income. The importance about balance is that it has helped transform the United States into a society in which unity exists due to the existence of equity. In any system in which inequality a way to change the nation faith is by emphasising in the nation’s educational system. Those who waited for the reward that comes with education will have more opportunities that those who are not in a position to do the same and achieve a higher educational status such as a bachelors or a masters degree. In the village depicted in the story Patient Capital (2007) the Indian tribe members were witness of inequality rising within their communities due to a variety of factors. One of the most influential factors for the appearance of inequality among the Indian members was education levels. Most of the society did not have opportunities for college education due to family and village responsibilities which were necessary for the survival of a group of people living in very high levels of poverty. The educated member of the tribe gain much more wealth than the rest of the members. In the United its agriculture trajectory is good example how a group of people was able to evolve its economy by switching from agriculture model to a manufacturing and service economy. Such an economy is better able to provide greater levels of income which improve standard of living of the people. There are many persons in the US who have struggled to break the barriers of inequality. In systems such as the United States prior to the civil movements of the 1960’s or in South Africa prior to the elimination of apartheid in 1994

Solid Variant of Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of Thoracic Spine

Solid Variant of Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of Thoracic Spine SOLID VARIANT OF ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST (S-ABC) OF THORACIC SPINE: A Case Report Abstract Introduction: The solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) has been seen on occasional basis, and till date very few cases involving the spine has been reported. The utmost difficulty is in diagnosing it with X-rays without using biopsy or surgery methods. In this case report, we present a very rare tumor of thoracic spine which was presented to us in an emergency situation and was managed by 360 degree decompression via posterior only approach and stabilization. Case Report: A 16-year-old young boy, presented to us with a sudden onset of weakness in both the lower extremities leading to paraplegia. He also had a history of back and chest pain since a year. Collapse of T5 vertebrae on plain radiograph was observed. The patient was taken to the operating room on emergency basis with an initial plan of a total en-block spondylectomy of T5. However, intraoperatively, histology favored solid-ABC variant rather than spindle cell tumor, Giant Cell Tumor. Thus Initial plan was revised to 360 degree decompression and without resecting body en-block via posterolateral approach. Results: After surgery, there was not only complete resolution of sensory and motor functions but also his chest and back pain was resolved.ÂÂ   The diseased vertebral body was re-constituted with new bone formation and healing was seen at 18 months, postoperatively. Conclusion: This case report concludes that solid ABC should be kept as a differential diagnosis for tumour of spine. Intraoperative frozen sections shall be useful as well. However,early diagnosis and appropriate surgical plays the most important role in successful management of ABC. Keywords: Aneurysmal Bone Cyst, ABC, Osteolytic lesion, Palliative Surgery. INTRODUCTION The solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is generally very rare to see and accounts for 3.4% to 7.5% of all aneurysmal bone cysts [1]. It is an expansile cystic lesion which can occur in any part of the bone and most often affects individuals in their second decade of life [2,3]. Jaffe and Lichtenstein were the first ones to describe ABC as its own entity in 1942, when they noted a peculiar blood-containing cyst of large size. [4]. Although benign, an ABC can grow rapidly and destruct the bone. Its expansile nature can cause lot of swelling, pain, deformity, disruption of growth plates, pathologic fractures and neurologic symptoms depending on location [2,3]. As many as 69% of primary ABCs demonstrate a characteristic clonal t(16;17) genetic translocationwhich can lead to upregulation of the TRE17/USP6 oncogene [5,6]. However, the diagnosis of ABC is quite difficult without biopsy or surgery. There is a distinct solid variant of ABC which was first described by Sanerkin et al., in 1983 [7]. This solid variant may be easily misdiagnosed as a spindle cell tumor, especially osteosarcoma [1]. ABCs are generally treated with surgery. However, asymptomatic ABCs may also exist which is characterized by clinically insignificant destruction of the bone. In such cases, close monitoring alone of the lesion is sufficient enough. However, the diagnosis must be first confirmed and the lesion should not be increasing in size. In case monitoring alone is selected as the management plan [8]. CASE REPORT A 16-year-old young boy, presented to us with a sudden onset of weakness in both the lower extremities leading to paraplegia. He also had a history of back and chest pain since a year. A good rectal tone without any perineal anesthesia was seen in rectal examination and the post-void residual urine volume was negligible. His premedical history was unremarkable. Laboratory findings were all within normal limits. Plain radiograph revealed collapse of T5 vertebrae in figure 1. CT axial images showed expansile and lyrics lesion in vertebral body, left pedicle and transverse process. T2-weighted Sagittal and axial MRI T2 weighted images of thoracic spine showing hyperintence signals in T5 vertebral body, left pedicle and transverse process with pathological fracture (Figure 2). Attempt to establish preoperative tissue biopsy couldnt be done because of the urgency of decompression. The patient was taken to the operating room on emergency basis with an initial plan of a total en-block spondylectomy of T5. However, intraoperatively, histology favored solid-ABC variant rather than Giant Cell Tumor. Thus Initial plan was revised to palliative surgery with 360 degree decompression and without resecting body en-block via posterolateral approach as shown in figure 3. The vertebral column was reconstructed in a 360ÂÂ ° manner with an expandable titanium cage and pedicle screw fixation (Figure 3). Results After surgery, there was not only complete resolution of sensory and motor functions but also his chest and back pain was resolved.ÂÂ   The diseased vertebral body was re-constituted with new bone formation and healing was seen at 18 months, postoperatively (figure 4). Discussion ABCs are benign, but locally aggressive and highly vascular tumors which has recurrence rates after curettage of equal to or less than 50 % [9]. However, Malghem had reported in his study about the spontaneous healing in three patients [10]. ABCs are found to have a predilection for the lumbar spine in the case series presented by Boriani [11]. Although CT and MRI are preferred diagnostic methods, it may be noted that in the literature, biopsy is the utmost necessary for confirmation, due to similarity of many bone lesions in appearance. Biopsy will show the proliferating round or oval cells, generally mixed with randomly distributed multi-nucleated giant cells, regions of reactive fibroblastic proliferation and region of tumor with the blood filled microcystic component [12]. Depending on the proliferative component, the solid variant of ABC may be histologically misdiagnosed for other benign or malignant tumor-like lesions of the bone [1]. The pathological differential diagnosis should always be kept in mind while thinking of ABC. They include solitary bone cyst, giant cell tumor, hemangioma, osteosarcoma, and chondroblastoma [13]. Treatment of ABC is also very controversial which includes arterial embolization, curettage with or without bone grafting, complete excision, intra-lesional drug injections (steroid and calcitonin) and radiation [14]. However,early diagnosis and appropriate surgical plays the most important role in successful management of ABC [15]. Whether surgical management results in a better outcome and recurrence rate than a more conservative or palliative one (for example, curettage alone) remains controversial and to be seen in future studies. Conclusion This case report concludes that ABC should be kept as a differential diagnosis for tumour of spine. Intraoperative frozen sections shall be useful as well. An effective spinal decompression and stabilization of ABC can be achieved by partial or subtotal excisions. However,early diagnosis and appropriate surgical plays the most important role in successful management of ABC. References Bertoni F, Bacchinin P, Capanna R, Ruggieri P, Biagini R, Ferruxxi A, Bettelli G, Picci P, Campanacci M: Solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst. Cancer 1993, 71:729-734. Clayer M. Injectable form of calcium sulphate as treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts. ANZ J Surg. 2008 May. 78(5):366-70. Burch S, Hu S, Berven S. Aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2008 Jan. 19(1):41-7. Jaffe HL, Lichtenstein L. Solitary unicameral bone cyst with emphasis on the roentgen picture, the pathologic appearance and the pathogenesis. Arch Surg. 1942. 44:1004-25. Panoutsakopoulos G, Pandis N, Kyriazoglou I, Gustafson P, Mertens F, Mandahl N. Recurrent t(16;17)(q22;p13) in aneurysmal bone cysts. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999 Nov. 26(3):265-6. Lau AW, Pringle LM, Quick L, Riquelme DN, Ye Y, Oliveira AM, et al. TRE17/ubiquitin-specific protease 6 (USP6) oncogene translocated in aneurysmal bone cyst blocks osteoblastic maturation via an autocrine mechanism involving bone morphogenetic protein dysregulation. J Biol Chem. 2010 Nov 19. 285(47):37111-20. Sanerkin NG, Mott MG, Roylance J: An unusual intraosseous lesion with fibroblastic, osteoclastic, osteoblastic, aneurysmal and fibromyxoid elements: solid variant of aneurysmal bone cyst. Cancer 1983, 51:2278-2286. Tedesco N. Medscape, Aneurysmal Bone Cyst. Available from: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254784-overview#a11. Accessed on 24th January, 2017. Ruiter DJ, Van Rijssel TG, Van Der Velde EA. Aneurysmal bone cysts: a clinicopathological study of 105 cases. Cancer. 1977;39:2231-2239. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197705)39:53.0.CO;2-Q. Malghem J, Maldague B, Esselinckx, Noel H, De Nayer P, Vincent A. Spontaneous healing of aneurysmal bone cysts: a report of three cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71B:645-650. Boriani S, De Iure F, Campanacci L, et al. Aneurysmal bone cyst of the mobile spine: report on 41 cases. Spine. 2001;26:27-35. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200101010-00007. Saccomanni R. Aneurysmal bone cyst of spine: a review of literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2008;128:1145-1147. doi: 10.1007/s00402-007-0477-6. Hay MC, Paterson D, Taylor TK. Aneurysmal bone cysts of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60:406-411. Tsai JC, Dalinka MK, Fallon MD, Zlatkin MB, Kressel HY. Fluid-fluid level: a nonspecific finding in tumors of bone and soft tissue. Radiology. 1990;175(3):779-782. Garg S, Mehta S, Dormans JP. Modern surgical treatment of primary aneurysmal bone cyst of the spine in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(3):387-392. doi: 10.1097/01.bpo.0000152910.16045.ee. Figures and Legends Figure 1. Radiograph showing collapse of T5 Vertebra (AP and LAT XRAY of thoracic spine showing pathological fracture and collapse of T5) FIGURE 2. CT (Top Left) MRI (Bottom left and Right). Figure 2. Intraoperative AP and Lat X-ray of thoracic spine showing pedicle screw fixation and cage Figure 4. Post-surgery MRI showing new bone formation

Individuality Vs The Perfect World :: essays research papers

Imagine the world as only beautiful people. Everywhere you look is a Cindy Crawford look-a-like: 5'9", brown hair, brown eyes, and the perfect smile. A "Master Race." Do we really want to reenact Adolf Hitler's plan of seeking world domination killing million upon millions as a "final solution?" Instead of killing, we'd be reproducing millions, going against nature. Say we went and got one of Princess Diana's cells and implanted that in an egg that was then placed into a surrogate mother. Nine months later, we would have a baby Princess Diana. Only trouble is, this baby would only resemble Princess Diana in looks, not personality, character, or individuality. Her whole life wouldn't be what it had been; she wouldn't be "her." What if your newborn son died? Just think; you could have a second chance. Is this morally or ethnically right? Cloning of humans should be forbidden, but cloning of human body parts for medicinal purposes should be allowed. Cloning hasn't been a big issue or ever thought to have actually been made to work until 1997 with the successful birth of a lamb named Dolly. Out of 277 eggs implanted in different sheep mothers, Dolly was the only lamb successfully born. The method used to clone Dolly was scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland took a cell out of the mammary gland. They then used an electrical pulse to coax an adult cell into merging with a host egg whose nucleus had been removed . This method being very unsuccessful brought on a new one where scientists used mice, injecting just the adult nucleus into a nucleus free host instead of using an electrical pulse. They also had let it set for two hours before stimulating it to start dividing. The success rate was 2-3 in 100. Now knowing that we could clone sheep and mice, scientists were up to the possibility and challenge of cloning humans. As soon as it became public knowledge that cloning was really happening and becoming more successful, the USA imposed a ban on federal funding for human-cloning research. Several states have established restrictions, some even banning cloning completely. Cloning is not morally or ethnically right. Morally, scientists would be taking the role of God. If a clone dies, where would they go? In religious beliefs, clones would have no souls because God didn't create them. Cloning would alter the definition of ourselves.

Is Poetry Still Relevant in Today’s Society

Poetry has been used throughout the centuries, but is it still relevant in today's society? some major aspects of poems are relevant today such as; subject matters, structure, rhythm, rhyme and the desire for expression of one's own self in a written form. There are also aspects which may not be of relevance in modern society these are; form, language style and emotional complexity. The subject matters that nineteenth century poets wrote about are relatable to today's people. The sonnet ‘Summer Noon' describes an extremely hot â€Å"breathless hour† somewhere similar to the australian outback. This subject is not just relevant to the poets of the nineteenth century but also to today's society. People like to express their feelings, experiences and opinions of the enviroment around them. The sonnet structure allows a poet to express this mood and atmosphere in depth, helping you to visualise and feel that particular place. In the lines, â€Å"blur of sound/ that dulls the brain, with slumbrous weight† effectively describes a lazy mood and relaxed atmosphere. The majority of subjects depicted by nineteenth century poets focused on deep feelings and emotions such as love, joyfullness, anguish and sorrow. A common poem form in the 19th century; the sonnet which usually used beauty as a subject matter, which is also expressed in 21st century poetry. Various poem forms incorporate simple and effective structures, rhythm and rhyming schemes. Poets use these forms as it artistically illustrates and organises thoughts. The nineteenth century poets established these particular forms in which we use today in modern poetry. A song is a form of ballad and this form is the superior form used in todays society. songs are attractive because of their free, abstract and experimental structure while still using rhyme and rythm as a base. he other forms of poems are not as popular to listener and readers. This is mainly because they are personal and for one's own personal satisfaction and are therefore not created for other poeple to appreciate. Due to the old english language used in 18th and 19th century poems, it is difficult to accurately translate this formal language and therefore distracts the reader from the poems central meaning, making these poems difficult to decifer. The poeple of the 1800's expressed themselves and their emotions in a straight forward way whereas poeple of today are more insightful using indirect symbolism and deeper meaning in their poetry. odays youth find difficulty in relating to this type of thinking and cheesy expression of feelings, detering them from using poetry as a medium for personal expression. The use of poetry throughout the ages has always been a way of expressing inner emotions, views and experiences in a structured yet artistic way. varying differences in the english languages may have resulted through time but the concept of poetry still remains relevant and is ageless.

Effects of Technology on Childhood Essay

There are a lot of activities that children can engage in technology. They basically live in a world where everything that surrounds them is a gadget (Buckingham, 2007). Children especially in the developed world like the United States have become so addicted to technology that it seems as if they cannot live without it. Technology is used from watching movies and cartoons, to playing video games and even doing homework. Technology from computers to cell phones has affected every aspect of childhood. There have been debates by different experts on whether technology impacts on a child’s growth positively or negatively. Some have argued that technology does not change childhood negatively; in fact they claim that it enhances development. The opponents claim that technology has changed childhood negatively. What is undeniable is the fact that childhood in this era of technology is by far different from what it used to be in the earlier times (Sivin-Kachala and Bialo, 2000). This essay provides both sides of the argument. The position of the paper is that technology as changed childhood for worse. Positive changes There is the argument that technology has enhanced intellectual development in children. Technology that is educational has made information access and processing very fast. The easy access to information and research material has led to the creation of a generation of intellectuals. This is the argument that supporters of technology used by children base their claim. They argue that technology has been employed in education as a means of enhancing education. It is currently used as a learning aid (Sivin-Kachala and Bialo, 2000). The world requires smart people who are able to drive it into development from all the aspects of development. After all, who hates intellectuals? It is from this point of view that technology is seen as having influenced childhood positively. Technology is molding researchers at a very early age. Children are learning to do things and search for information without the help of their teachers. This is made possible by technology. It has made them self-sufficient because they can source for data and information without any help. Technology has thus made researchers out of the young minds, which is a positive change (Sivin-Kachala and Bialo, 2000). Negative change Unlike childhood in the past, childhood in digital era has a different way of comprehending space. This is because of the concept of virtual reality. Technology has brought the whole world close to the child such that he no longer can tell the right from wrong. The technology has brought the two ends together and separated the child from its childhood. The human relations and personal relationships have lost meaning in the digital world. Technology has led to the loss of the softness that was characteristic to childhood. In its place, what have emerged are aggressiveness, selfishness and seclusion. It has become very hard to make them know that they are doing the wrong thing, even when it is apparent that they are wrong (Healy, 1999). Growing up in technological culture has effects on the language learnt in childhood. Something else that changes as a result of exposure to the culture is the concepts that children acquire as well as their discernment of the realism. The kind of language used by children in the present day is very different from what they used to know in the earlier days. They are nowadays fond of using abusive language and tended to be disrespectful to the older generation. Children in this era have developed a tendency of alienating themselves from the older generation. The connection that used to be present between the older people and the children is no longer there. Children have developed independence from the adults and would rather go to their peers for help than face their parents or other adults for help. This is a negative change because the attachment that existed between parents and children as they grew up was very important in development and helpful in future life (Sivin-Kachala and Bialo, 2000). Childhood in technological era has tended to be that of isolation. Most of interaction with technology is in isolation. The kind of engaging games that used to be there in childhood are a thing of the past. In the earlier days, children used to play around the neighborhood in interactive games. The kind of outdoor and imaginary games that children involved themselves in were important they led to establishment of sufficient sensory and motor growth necessary for attention and education. Due to the lack of these kinds of exercise as a result of long exposure to technology has led to loss of attention, poor achievement in school and lack of enough sleep (Schacter, 1999). Technology has brought about health problems in children that never used to be there in the olden days. The problem of obesity is one of the issues. Children are fond of junk food and snacks and without active games there is no way of burning calories. This is the reason why obesity has become a very common childhood disease in the modern day. The children of this era have tended to be lazy and will never want to be engaged in active activities. There is also the problem of addition. Technology like video games and watching is very addictive. Most children when they are out of school, the only thing they involve themselves in are technology. Even when in class, some are always thinking of what they are going to do after classes. This has led to lack of concentration in school work. This kind of addition is very dangerous in the development of a child in his or her childhood (Spodek and Saracho, 2006). Technology has denied children the time to study facts and work out the way these facts are related to each other. This has been the characteristic of childhood; exploration of the real world with facts. The digital children have the virtue world brought before them without having to explore. There are no questions asked or facts worked out. They take everything the way it is given and that is what they know as the reality, which in the real sense is not. This has affected their creativity and innovation. Technology has killed innovation in childhood. In the childhood meant inventing new games and how to make the existing ones more interesting. This is no longer what happens for the kinds of games offered by technology are direct and very addictive. This is what the child plays over and over without getting bored (Goessl, 2002). There is no way of sieving the kind of information availed by technology to the children through the internet. In the past, there were categories of information that were suitable for children at every age. At that time it was possible for children to be directed to the material that is proper for their age. This is no longer the case. Children are learning most of the things from the internet. The kind of question that could be evaded to protect the child’s morality has been answered by the internet. Sex-related content in the internet has been exposed to children at a very young age. Children have ceased to be children any more and become more like teenagers. It is like the stage of childhood is getting out of the lifecycle. This is because the things leant during this stage in the digital era are the sort of things that people became aware of at teenage. The children nowadays want to be in boy-girl relationship at the age of eight years. The sad thing is that they are well aware of what goes on in such a relationship (Armstrong and Casement, 2000). Technology has distracted children from other things that have been important in their childhood for a long time. The means to discovery through exploration has changed. For the things that the children would inquire from the older people or explore to find answers, they now need to go to the internet and get them. They are given answers in details that in the old days were concealed to protect them. Children longer engage in debates and discussions. By debating or discussing subjects or topics that they fail to understand, children are able to gain a better understanding. Where they are hunting for information by themselves, they are likely to get desperate when they do not get, or worse, get into their mind incorrect information (Spodek and Saracho, 2006). Reading has been completely killed by technology. Children are becoming dumber for engaging themselves in things that are not helpful to them. Reading or studying at home is a forgotten concept. Studies show that children who mostly do their homework are the ones who enjoy the pleasure of doing it using their computers. There are very few who will seat down to read long comprehensions, while there is a movie or cartoon waiting to be watched, or a video game waiting to be played. The brain power and potential of childhood is going to waste due to technology. Children no longer do thorough research for their assignment when there is the option of copying and pasting from the internet (Sivin-Kachala and Bialo, 2000). Aggressiveness in childhood is more than it used to be in the past. It has been argued that watching violence and playing violent games tends to make children become more violent. This is a fact that has been quantified through psychological researches. Children have tended to be more aggressive towards their peers due to long exposure to aggressive films and video games. There is a new meaning of kindness, forgiveness, compassion and the other virtues that were instilled in children during their childhood (Haugland, 1995). This is because of the contradiction that is brought about by technology. It has become their best teacher and the ones that are more attractive. There is no way to teach a child that scores are settled through forgiveness, while the same child is learning that they are settled through fist fights. What the child has learnt from his games or films are the ones that are more of a reality to him (Goessl, 2002). Summary Technology has impacted negatively on childhood. It has changed childhood more to the negative than the positive. There are very few positive effects of technology on childhood. The many negatives discussed prove the extent of the problem. It is a pity that children do not go out to play any more like they used to do in the past. Technology has also affected their functioning in that they no longer differentiate fiction from the reality. They are living in a world of their own filled with gadgets and machines. This is based way of communicating in the children of today. Their interaction is no longer with fellow humans, but with machines and virtual beings. Conclusions It is clear from the research that technology has killed what childhood used to be and there is no way to reverse it. Technology has become deep rooted in their life that it has become part of them. Preventing children from hazards associated with technology has become very hard. Where the child is restricted at home, there is the option of accessing it in school. Others get access through their friends. Technology has become the base on which people are basing their life. Nevertheless it is important for parents to watch what their children engage in. the parents should understand the kind of danger their children are exposed to and then find ways of helping them to live healthily through technology. It is also important to get professional help where things get out of hand. Parents need to understand that technology is harmful to their children and that it is there to stay. It is therefore their responsibility to control how their children interact with it. References Armstrong, A. & Casement, C. (2000). The Child and the Machine: How Computers Put Our Children’s Education at Risk. New York: Robins Lane Press. Buckingham, D. (2007). Beyond technology: children’s learning in the age of digital culture, Cambridge: Polity Press. Goessl, L. (2002). Technology: Its effects on children. Retrieved on April 30, 2010 from http://www. helium. com/items/613503-technology-its-effects-on-children Haugland, S. (1995). Computers and young children Will technology change early childhood Education? Early Childhood Education Journal Volume 22, Number 4 Healy, J. (1999). Failure to Connect: How Computers Affect Our Children’s Minds — and What We Can Do About It. New York: Simon & Schuster. Schacter, J. (1999). The Impact of Education Technology on Student Achievement: What the Most Current Research Has to Say. Santa Monica, CA: Milken Exchange on Education Technology Sivin-Kachala, J. , & Bialo, E. R. (2000). 2000 Research Report on the Effectiveness of Technology in Schools, 7th Edition. Washington, DC: Software & Information Industry Association. Spodek, B. & Saracho, O. (2006). Handbook of Research on the Education of Young Children New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.